Molecular Network of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids (MIAs) Signaling in Plants with Reference to Catharanthus roseus (L.)
Terpenoids are the most functionally and structurally varied group of plant metabolites. These are synthesized in all organisms but are especially abundant and diverse in plants. Despite their diversity of functions and structures, all terpenoids are deri
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Molecular Network of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids (MIAs) Signaling in Plants with Reference to Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Shabnam Akhtar, Javed Ahmad, and Altaf Ahmad
Abstract Terpenoids are the most functionally and structurally varied group of plant metabolites. These are synthesized in all organisms but are especially abundant and diverse in plants. Despite their diversity of functions and structures, all terpenoids are derived from the common five-carbon (C5) building unit, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) through MEP pathway in all living organisms. The MEP pathway synthesizes IPP and DMAPP in plastids in plants and more complex terpenoids are usually formed by “head-to-tail” or “head-to-head” addition of isoprene units. Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are one of important class of terpenoids which are C10 terpenoids, consisting of two isoprene units and are the components of more than 2000 defined compounds. These are a large group of plant-derived natural products with a range of pharmacological properties. These MIAs are potent drugs, such as anticancer, antimalarial, and antiarrhythmic agents. These MIAs have been found in eight different plant families, being most common in Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, and Loganiaceae. Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, the best-characterized MIA-producing plant species, is the source of the valuable MIAs. It has approximately 130 alkaloids of indole group, out of which 25 are dimeric in nature. Some of these compounds have important medicinal properties such as anticancerous property (vincristine and vinblastine) and antiarrhythmic property (ajmalicine and serpentine). In the present chapter, molecular network of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) signaling in plants with reference to Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don has been reviewed.
S. Akhtar (*) • J. Ahmad Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] A. Ahmad Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 M. Sarwat et al. (eds.), Stress Signaling in Plants: Genomics and Proteomics Perspective, Volume 2, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42183-4_2
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Introduction Medicinal plants are the resources of new drugs. They have been playing an essential role in the development of human culture and are used from the ancient times in the treatment of diseases. Most of the plants with medicinal properties are consumed by humans as spices and seasonal food (Tapsell et al. 2006). This formation of secondary metabolites is important due to the medicinal effects of the plant species. These secondary metabolites are produced to cope up the plants with the harsh environmental condition and to interact the plant with environmental conditions. These secondary metabolites also play a significant role in the defense mechanism of plants. Approximately, 80 % of active compounds among the isola
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