Multiband frequency reconfigurable substrate integrated waveguide antenna using copper strip for cognitive radio applica
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Multiband frequency reconfigurable substrate integrated waveguide antenna using copper strip for cognitive radio applicable to internet of things application Najib AL-Fadhali1 · Huda Majid1 · Rosli Omar2 Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this paper, a Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Substrate Integrated Waveguide (FR-SIW) cavity backed slot antenna for Cognitive Radio appropriate to Internet of Things (IoT) technology is presented. The proposed antenna is developed to address the specific design challenges posed by the IoT based Cognitive Radio (CR) networks. Reconfiguration of frequency bands is achieved using copper strips. The antenna resonates during the selected five switching states of the copper strips at 2.9 GHz, 2.6 GHz, 2.824 GHz, 2.792 GHz, 2.872 GHz, 4.488 GHz, 4.724 GHz, 4.712 GHz, 5.476 GHz, 5.336 GHz, 5.448 GHz, 5.392 GHz, and 5.42 GHz. The multiple frequency bands are controlled by altering the electrical length of designed slots. Overall, the simulated and measured results showed good agreement and the designed antenna is a potential candidate for cognitive radio applications, especially to IoT applications. Keywords Multiband · Frequency reconfigurable · SIW · Copper strip · Cognitive radio · Internet of things
1 Introduction The most important resource for wireless communication is the radio spectrum [1]. Recent studies have shown that most of the time radio spectrum is underused [2]. Cognitive radio (CR) technology has emerged as a promising solution to the spectrum shortage problem and the inefficiency of its use in wireless networks [3–5]. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm that integrates multiple technologies such as wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks, enhanced communication protocols, distributed intelligence for smart objects, mobile phones, and, without a doubt, the Internet, IoT’s basic idea is to connect things to enhance multiple
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Huda Majid [email protected] Najib AL-Fadhali [email protected] Rosli Omar [email protected]
1
Faculty of Engineering Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
aspects of potential users ‘ everyday life and behaviour [6, 7]. In order to form a coalition as indicated in Fig. 1 of both CR and IoT technologies, there are many challenging issues that need to be addressed. Key issues such as interoperability of interconnected devices, increased smartness, improved adaptability based on the existing environment, industrialization and standardization and, most importantly, security and confidence in the pervasive environment are just a few examples that require careful consideration for both technologies to play a leading role in the near future [8]. Developing systems that support multiple frequency bands for CR based IoT applications is the key aspect of contemporary wireless technology which req
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