New liquid-free proton conductive nanocomposite based on imidazole-functionalized cellulose nanofibers
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
New liquid-free proton conductive nanocomposite based on imidazole-functionalized cellulose nanofibers Iga Aleksandra Jankowska . Katarzyna Pogorzelec-Glaser Paweł Ławniczak . Michał Matczak . Radosław Pankiewicz
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Received: 5 June 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The first successful attempt to synthesize a new proton conducting polymeric nanocomposite film based on pure cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as a polymer matrix functionalized on their surface with imidazole molecules (Im) as a dopant, was made. The 2CNF-Im nanomaterial contains on average one molecule of imidazole per 2 glucose units from cellulose chains. Water evaporation and thermal stability of 2CNF-Im were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity
I. A. Jankowska (&) K. Pogorzelec-Glaser (&) P. Ławniczak Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznan´, Poland e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] K. Pogorzelec-Glaser e-mail: [email protected] P. Ławniczak e-mail: [email protected] M. Matczak Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1L, 15-245 Białystok, Poland e-mail: [email protected] R. Pankiewicz Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan´, Poland e-mail: [email protected]
was studied by the impedance spectroscopy. At 140 °C, the 2CNF-Im nanocomposite has a maximum conductivity of 7.0 9 10-3 S/m, i.e. four orders of magnitude higher than that of non-functionalized CNF matrix. The newly synthesized cellulose nanocomposite exhibits high electrical and thermal stability. In 2CNF-Im, the activation energy of the proton transport process is the lowest compared to the previously synthesized imidazole-functionalized composites based on other pure cellulose materials and equals 0.62 eV. The synthesized nanomaterial is liquid-free solid polymer electrolyte showing proton conductivity above the boiling point of water. Keywords Polymer-matrix nanocomposite Cellulose nanofibers Imidazole Proton conductivity Thermal properties
Introduction It is still a challenge to obtain solid-state protonconducting polymer electrolytes showing properties making them attractive for application in electrochemical devices, e.g., batteries, fuel cells. Such materials should show the proton conductivity above the boiling point of water, should be liquid-free, thermally stable, environmentally friendly, and easy to manufacture. Currently, the most commonly used polymeric material to fabricate proton exchange
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Cellulose
membranes (PEMs) is Nafion. Nafion in the hydrated state shows high proton conductivity values ([10 S/ m), but its operating temperature range is below the boiling point of water. Additionally, Nafion is complicated to manufacture and relatively expensive, about 1700 $/m2 (Bayer et al. 2016; Liu et al.
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