New morphological criteria and molecular characterization of black aspergilli aggregate from corn, sorghum and wheat gra
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ORIGINAL PAPER
New morphological criteria and molecular characterization of black aspergilli aggregate from corn, sorghum and wheat grains Youssuf A. Gherbawy1,2 · Thanaa A. Maghraby1 · Lamiaa H. A. Hamza1 · Eman G. A. M. El‑Dawy1,2 Received: 5 May 2020 / Revised: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Corn, sorghum and wheat grains are used as livestock feed in the world. Identification of black aspergilli associated with these grains is necessary to make sure of the safety of the grains because its occurrence is an indicator of mycotoxin production. Forty-five isolates were isolated from the samples collected from Upper Egypt’s markets and identified morphologically based on colony color, conidia, stipe and vesicle size and molecularly by using β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. Isolates were divided into 30 strains of Aspergillus welwitschiae and 15 strains of A. niger. We have found new criteria in the morphological identification of A. welwitschiae as its colony color was black to brown with yellow edge, but in A. niger was black with white edge, also A. welwitschiae sometimes produced finely-to-distinctly roughened brownish conidia on malt extract agar (MEA) media. Thirteen isolates of A. welwitschiae and six of A. niger were recognized as potential producers for ochratoxin A. Keywords Black aspergilli · β-Tubulin · Calmodulin · A. welwitschiae · A. niger · Ochratoxin A
Introduction Contamination of grains used for livestock feed by Aspergillus spp. during shipment, storage, and marketing in the shops is a worldwide problem (GAIN 2012). This problem can decrease nutritional value and the quality of the grains as well as lead to mycotoxin contamination. The high moisture content during the storage, presence of insects and mites commonly cause mycotoxin contamination by toxigenic Aspergillus spp. (Zulkifli and Zakaria 2017). Animal and human health is affected by mycotoxins that persist in the food chain (Pattron 2006). So, identification and characterization of the species of Aspergillus from grains are important because it will give guides to the types of mycotoxin production. Also, many species of Aspergillus section Nigri are elected for genetic manipulation in the biotechnological industries, like Aspergillus niger used under suitable industrial conditions Communicated by Erko stackebrandt. * Eman G. A. M. El‑Dawy [email protected] 1
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
2
have been granted the GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status by the Food and Drug Administration of the USA government (Samson et al. 2007). Although soil is the main source of black aspergilli, several species of this section have been isolated from many other sources (Christensen and Kozakiewicz 1990; Abarca et al. 2004; Samson et al. 2004). Black aspergilli are one of the more difficult groups in id
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