Occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution and potential ecological risks of antibiotics in Dongting Lake, China
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Occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution and potential ecological risks of antibiotics in Dongting Lake, China Biao Zhang & Liang Xu & Qiongpu Hu & Xiangying Zeng & Zhiqiang Yu
Received: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract We investigated the occurrence and distribution of 18 antibiotics in surface water from Dongting Lake, as well as in influents and effluents from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a swine farm. The total concentrations of target antibiotics in surface water ranged from limit of quantification to 3107 and 5.32–107 ng L−1 in the dry season and wet season, respectively. Among these studied antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and lomefloxacin were as the main components in the dry season, while CIP, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline were the main components in the wet season. The concentrations of target compounds exhibited obvious temporal-spatial variation characteristic in the studied region, suggesting their different emission sources related to pig breeding, aquaculture, and human activities, as well as possible B. Zhang : Q. Hu : X. Zeng (*) : Z. Yu State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China e-mail: [email protected] B. Zhang University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China L. Xu Jiangxi Academy of Environmental Science, Nanchang 330029, China Q. Hu Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co.,Ltd, Hangzhou 311305, China
degradation in the aquatic system. We estimated that the daily total input and output masses of antibiotics in the influent and effluent from the swine farm were 12.1 mg d−1 pig−1 and 7.49 μg d−1 pig−1, while they were 103 μg d−1 inhabitant−1 and 22.9 μg d−1 inhabitant−1 in the WWTP. The risk assessment results indicated that CIP posed a moderate or high risk to algae in most locations in Dongting Lake. Keywords Dongting Lake . Antibiotics . Spatialtemporal distribution . Risk assessment
Introduction Antibiotics are pharmaceuticals that are commonly used to cure human and animal diseases, to prevent bacterial infections, and as feed additives to promote animal growth (Merve and Nursen 2019). After consumption, antibiotics are metabolized partially in vivo, and then the metabolites and residual parent compounds are excreted into sewer systems via feces and urine (Hirsch et al. 1999; Kummerer et al. 2000; Levison and Levison 2009; Dinh et al. 2017a). However, conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which are designed to eliminate traditional pollutants, such as total suspended particles, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand, exhibit limited removal efficiencies for emerging micro-pollutants such as antibiotics and their corresponding metabolites (Liu et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018). Thus, a large amount of antibiotics and metabolites are being discharged into
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