Organ-oriented phytochemical profiling and radical scavenging activity of Alcea spp. (Malvaceae) from Iran
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Organ‑oriented phytochemical profiling and radical scavenging activity of Alcea spp. (Malvaceae) from Iran Zohreh Azadeh1 · Keramatollah Saeidi1 · Zahra Lorigooini2 · Mahmoud Kiani3 · Filippo Maggi4 Received: 8 December 2019 / Accepted: 2 March 2020 / Published online: 18 April 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of flowers and herbage of three species of the genus Alcea were determined. Flowers showed high total phenolic content and yielded values ranging from 26.83 (Alcea aucheri var. lobata) to 82.59 (A. aucheri var. aucheri) mg GAE/g DW. Total anthocyanin content was highest (934.98 mg/ml) in the flowers of A. auchrei var. aucheri (A12), whereas the content was minimal (1.34 mg/ml) in the herbage of Alcea koelzii (A2). The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in A. koelzii (16.15 mg Q/g DW), while the lowest value was achieved in A. aucheri var. lobata (8.06 mg Q/g DW). The highest concentration of mucilage was recorded in the flowers from Alcea arbelensis (32%), whereas those of A. aucheri var. lobata yielded the lowest value (1.05%). Principal component analysis scatter plot, derived from all data for flowers in 13 Alcea specimens revealed a different quantitative phytochemical profile. The strongest radical scavenging activity, measured by DPPH method, was recorded in A. aucheri var. aucheri with an IC50 of 34.06 μg/ml. Keywords Alcea · Antioxidant activity · Anthocyanin · Iran · Mucilage · Polyphenol Abbreviations F Flower H Herbage TPC Total phenolic content TFC Total flavonoid content TAC Total anthocyanin content TMC Total mucilage content PCA Principal component analysis
1 Introduction Since time immemorial, Iran has been reputed as the treasure-house of precious medicinal plants of the world on account of the vast diversity in climatic condition. Up to 8200 plant species are recognized throughout the country, of which 1900 are endemic [1]. The genus Alcea, widely scattered throughout different areas of the country, is a
main component of this botanical richness. Alcea is a large genus recognized in the family Malvaceae, including about 70 species, mostly perennial, sometimes annual and biennial ones, indigenous to Asia and Europe [2]. The genus has undergone marked species radiation in Iran including 34 endemic species, and numerous taxa are naturally scattered across west and southwest Iran [3]. Given its striking appearance and geometry, Alcea could be easily distinguished from other genera; the flowers are either solitary or arranged in racemes or fascicles on an unbranched upright stem rising to over 2 m at a fast rate. This genus is also characterized by having long notched petals ranging in color from white and yellow to pink and purple. The leaves usually appear on long petioles and are often lobed or toothed, and adorn the whole parts of the herbage. From an industrial and medicinal point of view, Alcea is among the most important genera recognized in the family Malvaceae.
* Keramatollah Saeidi, [email protected]
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