Oxidative Damage on RNA Nucleobases
Oxidatively damaged RNA has recently gathered more attention and has been closely related to different neurodegenerative diseases. The principles of oxidative stress and its influence on nucleic acids are reported. In contrast to DNA oxidative lesions of
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reactivity of ROS and RNS Versus Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxidative Lesions in RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Base-Pairing Properties of Lesion Containing Duplexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Mutagenicity of Oxidatively Damaged Nucleobases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Consequences of Oxidatively Damaged RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Fate of Oxidized RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Redox Chemistry of Oxidized Nucleosides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Conclusions and Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract Oxidatively damaged RNA has recently gathered more attention and has been closely related to different neurodegenerative diseases. The principles of oxidative stress and its influence on nucleic acids are reported. In contrast to DNA oxidative lesions of RNA have been scarcely described in the literature so far. These known stable RNA base modifications which arise under oxidative stress are reviewed here with regard to their biophysical properties and their potential mutagenicity. Furthermore the possible mechanisms of how cells deal with oxidized RNA are discussed. Posttranscriptional RNA modifications and the oxidation of RNA as an early event in several neurodegenerative diseases are not in the scope of this review. Keywords RNA oxidation • Reactive oxygen species • Reverse transcription • 8-Oxo-guanosine • Modified RNA P.A. Ku¨pfer • C.J. Leumann (*) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] V.A. Erdmann et al. (eds.), Chemical Biology of Nucleic Acids, RNA Technologies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54452-1_5, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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P.A. Ku¨pfer and C.J. Leumann
1 Introduction Oxidation of DNA has been known for over 40 years and considerable efforts have been made to describe the generation, metabolism, and repair of such lesions. The progress in this field is a
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