Oxygen Potential of High-Titania Slag from the Smelting Process of Ilmenite
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TRODUCTION
OXYGEN potential or the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure in the furnace for smelting the high TiO2 slag has a significant influence on the slag composition and quality of the product. Also, oxygen potential of the slag can be regarded as a very important physical property like viscosity and electrical conductivity, for gaining deeper insights of the smelting operations of high-titania slag in an electric arc furnace. During the smelting process, proper increasing oxygen potential of the slag can effectively eliminate the slag foaming and inhibit the over-reduction of TiO2.[1] In fact, the over-reduction of TiO2 leads to the presence of titanium suboxide and high melting substance like Ti(C, N),
KAI HU, ZHIMING YAN, WEI LV, RUN ZHANG, JIE DANG, and ZHIXIONG YOU are with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China and also with the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and New Materials, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China. XUEWEI LV is with the State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China and with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University and also with the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and New Materials, Chongqing University. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted October 9, 2018. Article published online May 30, 2019. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
resulting in the low grade of the high-titania slag and the sharp increase of viscosity of the slag. These changes of the slag properties are not favorable for the separation of the slag and iron, and thus lead to low production efficiency of high titanium slag. Consequently, in situ measurement of oxygen potential is very important in the dynamic control of the smelting process. Since the pioneering study of Kiukkola and Wagner,[2] galvanic cells employing stabilized zirconia solid electrolytes have been extensively used as an analytical means of studying pyro-metallurgy reactions by many researchers.[3–10] Geldenhuis et al.[11] measured the effective oxygen partial pressure during the industrial production of high titanium slags and concluded that commercial oxygen probes containing zirconia solid electrolytes could be used to determine the oxygen potential of the titanium slag and the oxygen potential correlated well with the FeO content of the slag. However, it is difficult to measure the temperature accurately in this study due to the complicate operation conditions in practical smelting process. Pesl et al. and Eric[12] investigated the phase equilibria and thermodynamic in the FeO-TiO2-Ti2O3 slags. They found that the slag composition was very sensitive to changes in oxygen potential in the atmosphere. The increase of FeO had a significant promotion of the oxygen potential of the slag, but the increase
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