Pesticides residues in tobacco smoke: risk assessment study

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Pesticides residues in tobacco smoke: risk assessment study Edelbis López Dávila & Michael Houbraken & Jasmine De Rop & Abukari Wumbei & Gijs Du Laing & Osvaldo Romero Romero & Pieter Spanoghe

Received: 7 January 2020 / Accepted: 25 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Abstract Pesticides are not only used on food but also on non-food crops, such as tobacco, to control a range of unwanted animal, plant, and microbial, fungal pests. The residue levels in tobacco leaves are expected to decline up to harvest, during drying, and when the leaves are further processed. Additional pesticides may also be applied to the finished product and residue levels may remain present even when the tobacco is burned. Human exposure to pesticide residues on tobacco occurs when residues remaining in cigarette smoke are inhaled. Based on this assumption, the objectives of this research were (i) to determine the level of pesticides residues in

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08578-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. E. López Dávila : O. Romero Romero Study Centre of Energy and Industrial Process, Sancti Spíritus University, Avenida de los Mártires #360, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba E. López Dávila (*) : M. Houbraken : J. De Rop : A. Wumbei : P. Spanoghe Department of Crop and Plants, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium e-mail: [email protected] G. Du Laing Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium O. Romero Romero School of Technology , SRH - Hochschule Berlin Ernts Reuter Platz 10, Berlin, Germany

harvested tobacco leaves and (ii) to assess the risk of human exposure to these residues in tobacco smoke. Pesticide residues were detected in all analysed tobacco samples. These detected residues represent ten different active ingredients (AI), three of these AIs (thiodicarb, alachlor, and endosulfan) are no longer allowed in Europe. A 54.7% of these residues were quantifiable. Furthermore, it was found that with the use of solid-phase extraction sorbent (SPE) as adsorbent and n-hexane as solvent, higher recoveries of the pesticide residues in the tobacco smoke from the amount spiked can be obtained. It was also found that cigarette filters help to reduce the intake of residues of pesticides that may be present in cigarettes. Finally, the study concluded that both active smoking and passive smoking populations are exposed to pesticide residues in the tobacco smoke. Keywords Plant protection products . Cigarettes . Active smoker . Passive smoker

Introduction Pesticides are used regularly on food and non-food crops, such as tobacco, to control a range of unwanted animal, plant, and microbial, fungal pests. Pesticide concentrations, called residues, remain on tobacco and other crops after treatment. Typically, the residue levels on tobacco dec