Phenolic antioxidant-incorporated durable perovskite layers and their application for a solar cell
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Research Letter
Phenolic antioxidant-incorporated durable perovskite layers and their application for a solar cell Koki Suwa , Takeo Suga, and Kenichi Oyaizu, Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan Hiroshi Segawa, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan Hiroyuki Nishide, Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan Address all correspondence to Hiroyuki Nishide at [email protected] (Received 1 March 2020; accepted 25 March 2020)
Abstract The incorporation of small amounts of phenolic antioxidants, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-cresol and pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate], into photovoltaic organo-lead halide perovskite layers significantly suppressed the degradation of the perovskite compounds via light irradiation in the presence of ambient oxygen. While the facile incorporation of the antioxidants did not decrease both the quality of the formed perovskite crystal grains and the photovoltaic conversion performance of the cells, it enhanced the antioxidizing property and water repellency of the perovskite layer owing to the elimination of superoxide anion radical and hydrophobic molecular structure and improved the durability of the cells.
Introduction Recently, photovoltaic cells with light-harvesting organo-lead halide perovskite compounds have been extensively studied owing to their tremendously improved photovoltaic conversion efficiency, light weight, high processability, and inexpensive fabrication.[1–4] The cells with the perovskite compounds, for example, composed of mixed cations of methylamine, formamidine, cesium, and rubidium, have provided high photovoltaic conversion efficiency beyond 20%.[5–7] That was ascribed to their wide light-absorption range and efficient chargeseparation process, which were attributed to the formation of the high-quality perovskite layer.[8,9] However, the durability of the perovskite compounds under light irradiation in ambient air (even dry) is very poor for their development in practical use.[10,11] Haque and colleagues have reported that organo-lead halide perovskites are decomposed in the presence of oxygen without any moisture under light irradiation, according to the suggested mechanism [Scheme 1(a) and 1(b)].[12] The organolead halide perovskite, typically represented as CH3NH3PbI3, reacts with superoxide anion radical (O·− 2 ) , generated with an excited electron supplied from the light-irradiated perovskite layer to yield methylamine, lead iodide, and other fragments.[12,13] An elimination of the superoxide anion radical could definitely improve the durability of both the perovskite layer and its cells. Sterically hindered 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol derivatives are widely used as phenolic antioxidant additives for chemical commodities, such as plastics, fibers, and foods, owing to their low environmental load and ne
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