Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on a carbon nanodot doped tungsten trioxide: degradatio
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Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on a carbon nanodot doped tungsten trioxide: degradation product study Busisiwe Nokalika Zwane1,2 · Nonhlangabezo Mabuba1,3 · Benjamin O. Orimolade1 · Babatunde A. Koiki1 · Omotayo A. Arotiba1,3 Received: 9 June 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract This work is focused on the photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in wastewater using a nanocomposite of tungsten trioxide (WO3) and carbon nanodots (CNDs). This material was prepared by doping tungsten trioxide (WO3) with carbon nanodots (CNDs) by hydrothermal technique. The structural, optical, morphological and photocatalytic properties of the CNDs-doped WO3 nanocomposite as well as an undoped W O3 nanorod were successfully characterized by TEM, XRD, Raman, FTIR, BET and UV–Vis DRS. The photocatalytic degradation performance, degradation kinetics and degradation patterns were followed by UV–Visible spectroscopy and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The percentage removal of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole were higher with the WO3-CNDs than the pristine WO3 photocatalyst denoting the positive effect of doping. The percentage removal of the antibiotics when monitored by UPLC-MS was found to be higher than that of UV–Visible spectroscopy. The intermediate products and pathway were different with the doped and the undoped W O3 photocatalysts. Keywords Ciprofloxacin · Sulfamethoxazole · Advanced oxidation process · Photocatalytic semiconductor · Tungsten trioxide · Carbon nanodots
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1114 4-020-01841-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Omotayo A. Arotiba [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
2
DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
3
Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis
Introduction Water pollution arising from pharmaceuticals is of great concern owing to their toxic effects to man and his entire environment [1]. Antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) for example have found their way into municipal waters and unfortunately cannot be completely removed by conventional water treatment methods owing to their chemical complexity, thus the need for them to the eliminated for water by more efficient techniques [2, 3]. The genotoxicity of antibiotics in aquatic organisms and humans has further necessitated their complete removal by a more robust, and environmental friendly water treatment method such as advanced oxidation processes (AOP) [2]. AOPs have gained the attention of researchers due to the in-situ production of hydroxyl radicals (⋅
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