Planktonic microbial eukaryotes in polar surface waters: recent advances in high-throughput sequencing
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REVIEW
Planktonic microbial eukaryotes in polar surface waters: recent advances in high‑throughput sequencing Qian Liu1,2,3 · Qiannan Zhao1,2,3 · Andrew McMinn1,2,4 · Eun Jin Yang5 · Yong Jiang1,2,3 Received: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 22 July 2020 © Ocean University of China 2020
Abstract Marine microbial eukaryotes are important primary producers and play critical roles in key biogeochemical cycles. Recent advances in sequencing technology have focused attention on the extent of microbial biodiversity, revealing a huge, previously underestimated phylogenetic diversity with many new lineages. This technology has now become the most important tool to understand the ecological significance of this huge and novel diversity in polar oceans. In particular, high-throughput sequencing technologies have been successfully applied to enumerate and compare marine microbial diversity in polar environments. Here, a brief overview of polar microbial eukaryote diversity, as revealed by in-situ surveys of the high-throughput sequencing on 18S rRNA gene, is presented. Using these ‘omic’ approaches, further attention still needs to be focused on differences between specific locations and/or entire polar oceans and on bipolar comparisons of diversity and distribution. Keywords Marine microbial eukaryotes · High-throughput sequencing · Molecular surveys · Bipolar
Introduction Microbial protistan eukaryotes constitute a fundamental component of microbial food webs and contribute a crucial role in many global biogeochemical cycles (Dı́ez et al. 2001). Polar protistan taxonomy has been studied by conventional microscopy since the 1840s (Ehrenberg 1840) and there is a rich and detailed description of the most abundant taxa (see Horner 1985; Scott and Thomas 2005 for reviews of Arctic and Antarctic literature, respectively). These studies Edited by Chengchao Chen. * Yong Jiang [email protected] 1
Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
2
College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
3
Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
4
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
5
Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 213‑3 Songdo‑dong, Yeonsu‑gu, Incheon 406‑840, Korea
naturally concentrated on those species that could be identified initially by optical microscopy and later by electron microscopy. Consequently, the diatoms and dinoflagellates are mostly well characterized but it was always understood that there were many small flagellated taxa that could not be identified by conventional methods. The advent of molecular methods has started the process of obtaining a complete characterization of polar microbial eukaryote diversity. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing, which is typically characterized by being highly scalable, allowing the entire genome to be sequenced at once, has been i
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