Psychometric evaluation of the Pinocchio Illusion Questionnaire
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Psychometric evaluation of the Pinocchio Illusion Questionnaire John R. Purcell 1,2 & John Chen 1 & Alexandra B. Moussa-Tooks 1,2 & William P. Hetrick 1,2,3
# The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020
Abstract Perceived nose elongation resulting from vibratory stimulation to the bicep brachii tendon in the absence of visual input while the finger is touching the nose, known as the Pinocchio Illusion (PI), is used to investigate how afferent signals can contribute to aberrant top-down perception of body representation. The Pinocchio Illusion Questionnaire (PIQ) was developed to empirically quantify PI perception, allowing for external validation of the PI with psychologically relevant phenomenon. The current study (N = 60) examined the PIQ’s test-retest reliability, internal consistency, factor structure, and correlations with self-reported interoceptive awareness and schizotypal traits. The PIQ demonstrated strong test-retest reliability and internal validity; however, a Principal Component Analysis did not yield a latent variable structure that distinguished PI-specific perceptual aberrations from unrelated or contradictory perceptual experiences. Additionally, decreased reports of PI-specific perceptual aberrations during two elicitations of the PI on the PIQ’s open-ended free-response section (percent of sample endorsement = 5% (first elicitation); 8.3% (second elicitation)) compared to its 11-item section (endorsement of PI-specific items ranging 30–53.33% (first)]; 31.67– 46.67% (second)) suggest that these responses may be heavily influenced by demand characteristics rather than accurately capturing PI perception. Therefore, further psychometric development of the PIQ and standardization of procedures to elicit the illusion are recommended. Keywords Pinocchio Illusion . Proprioception . Haptics . Embodied perception . Bodily illusion . Schizotypy
Introduction Sensory illusions provide unique insights into interactions among visual, haptic, and proprioceptive systems that map bodily boundaries and relative locations of limbs in space (Proske & Gandevia, 2012). The Pinocchio Illusion (PI), a perceptual illusion of nose elongation resulting from vibratory stimulation to the bicep brachii tendon in the absence of visual input while the finger is touching the nose, specifically
John R. Purcell and John Chen share first authorship. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02011-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * William P. Hetrick [email protected] 1
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
2
Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
3
Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
demonstrates how manipulation of somatosensory and proprioceptive afferents can modulate experiences of bodily shape perception via top-down processing (Burrack & Brugger, 2005; Lackner, 1988)
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