Relationship of black-tip disorder in jujube fruits to sugar transportation and accumulation
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Relationship of black-tip disorder in jujube fruits to sugar transportation and accumulation Shuran Li 1 & Xiaofeng Liu 1 & Baohua Yao 1 & Na Li 1 & Liulin Li 1 Received: 22 December 2019 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 # Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2020
Abstract Black-tip disorder, an ailment in the fruits of the Hupingzao cultivar of jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ‘Hupingzao’), seriously affects the edible quality of the fruits. To characterize the relationship between the disorder and sugar transport capacity, transportation of soluble sugar in the vascular bundles of Hupingzao fruits was analyzed using UPLC and the fluorescence tracing method. Phloem cell viability of the vascular bundles was also analyzed by staining. Results showed that black-tip disorder mainly occurred from the white-ripe period onwards during the development of Hupingzao fruits, and disease spots only appeared in the blossom end of the fruits. There was a significantly higher rate of large disorder fruits than small disorder fruits. The accumulation and transportation rate of soluble sugar in the blossom end of the fruits was significantly lower than that in the shoulder regions from the white-ripe period onwards. At the same developmental stage, the soluble sugar content in the blossom end of disorder fruits was significantly lower than that in the blossom end of healthy fruits. In disorder fruits, the soluble sugar content of large fruits was lower than that of small fruits. In disorder fruits, phloem activity was weaker in large fruits than small fruits. In summary, the ability of the vascular bundles to transport soluble sugar weakened and sugar supply in the blossom end of the fruits was insufficient to sustain health, and this was likely to cause black-tip disorder from the white-ripe period onwards during the development of Hupingzao fruits. Keywords Jujube . Black-tip disorder . Soluble sugar . Vascular bundle . Phloem cell activity
Introduction Jujube is a unique fruit tree originating from China (Tan et al. 2013). The fruits of the Hupingzao cultivar of Ziziphus jujuba are highly regarded by consumers for their large fruit, thick flesh and being juicy. However, the blossom end of Hupingzao fruits are prone to necrosis and shrinking resulting from an ailment commonly known as black-tip disorder, that causes the fruits to decrease in edible and commercial value (Deng et al. 2011). The rate of the black-tip disorder has increased in Hupingzao fruits in recent years. The rate can reach 90% in severe cases and due to unknown etiology and the absence of effective anti-disease agents, orchard productivity can be severely threatened with large-scale losses to Hupingzao fruit production (Liu et al. 2009). Understanding
* Liulin Li [email protected] 1
College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
the causes and finding effective solutions to black-tip disorder is therefore highly significant for the development of the jujube industry. Research on horticultural plants
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