Response of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to sulfadiazine and copper and their interaction in black soils
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Response of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to sulfadiazine and copper and their interaction in black soils Xijuan Liu 1 & Yifei Shao 1 & Yuanpeng Dong 1 & Mengyang Dong 1 & Ziwen Xu 1 & Xinxin Hu 2 & Aiju Liu 2 Received: 17 July 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The large-scale development of animal husbandry and the wide agricultural application of livestock manure lead to more and more serious co-pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics in soil. In this study, two common feed additives, copper (Cu) and sulfadiazine (SDZ), were selected as target pollutants to evaluate the toxicity and interaction of antibiotics and heavy metals on ammonia oxidizers diversity, potential nitrification rate (PNR), and enzymatic activity in black soils. The results showed that soil enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by single Cu pollution, but the toxicity could be reduced by introducing lowconcentration SDZ (5 mg · kg−1), which showed an antagonistic effect between Cu and SDZ (5 mg · kg−1), while the combined toxicity of high-concentration SDZ (10 mg · kg−1) and Cu were strengthened compared with the single Cu contamination on soil enzymes. In contrast, soil PNR was more sensitive to single Cu pollution and its combined pollution with SDZ than the enzyme activity. Real-time fluorescence quota PCR and Illumina Hiseq/Miseq sequencing results showed that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) was decreased in C2 (200 mg · kg−1 Cu treatment) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was obviously stimulated in soil contaminated in C2, while in S5 (5 mg · kg−1 SDZ treatment), AOB was decreased; both AOA and AOB were significantly decreased at gene level in soils with combined pollutants (C2S5, 200 mg · kg−1 Cu combined with 5 mg · kg−1 SDZ). So, it can be concluded that combined pollution can cause more serious toxicity on the enzymatic activity, PNR, and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in soil through the synergistic effect between heavy metals and antibiotics pollutants. Keywords Combined contamination . Cu . SDZ . Enzyme activity . AOA . AOB
Introduction Among the various classes of antibiotic, sulfonamides are one group used widely in treating human and animal as potent broad spectrum bacteriostatic agents (Ravindran and Mnkeni 2017). Because of their wide applications, high excretion rates, and persistence in soil, sulfonamides are frequently
Responsible editor: Zhihong Xu Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-02011356-0. * Aiju Liu [email protected] 1
College of Agricultural engineering and Food science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Resources and Environmental engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, People’s Republic of China
detected in soil system and become a group of prevalent soil pollutants (Sharma et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2014). For example, Wei et al. (2018a) fou
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