SERS-based Nanoplasmonic Exosome Analysis: Enabling Liquid Biopsy for Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring Progression
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Review Article
SERS-based Nanoplasmonic Exosome Analysis: Enabling Liquid Biopsy for Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring Progression Jong Uk Lee, Soohyun Kim & Sang Jun Sim
*
Received: 16 April, 2020 / Accepted: 15 May, 2020 / Published online: 18 August, 2020 â’¸The Korean BioChip Society and Springer 2020
Abstract Exosomes, membrane-bound vesicles having a diameter of 30-150nm, are secreted by most cell types, including tumor cells. These vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules (including a variety of proteins and nucleic acids) from donor to recipient cells. Notably, tumor cells secrete more exosome into microenvironment than nontumoral cells. Tumor-derived exosomes are enriched in molecular and genetic traits of tumor cells that facilitate cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Due to their abundance and stability, exosomes are one of the promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various cancers. Despite promising clinical potential, exosome-based diagnostics remains challenging because of the heterogeneity of exosome and difficulties in the profiling of exosomal contents. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop the sensing platform for molecular fingerprinting of exosomes toward clinical application. In this critical review, we explore the emerging use of nanoplasmonic biosensors to detect exosomal biomarkers and the application of this technology to the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. Keywords: Cancer, Exosome, Diagnosis, Nanoplasmonic biosensor, SERS
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea *Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.J. Sim ( [email protected])
Introduction Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Early diagnosis and personalized treatments are two of the most significant challenges in the fight against cancer1,2. However, traditional methods for cancer diagnosis are primarily based on tissue biopsies, but limited sampling availability and invasiveness present practical difficulties for patient management3. Cancer biomarkers play important role in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Even though cancer biomarkers provide accurate information on the staging and the mechanisms underlying the cancer, there is a large gap between biomarker research and clinical usage due to various challenges, such as the low abundance and poor stability in biofluids4,5. Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles (30-150 nm in a diameter) that are actively secreted by cancer cells6. They are excreted into body fluids (such as blood, saliva, and urine) with high abundance and stability7. Exosomes play vital roles in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis by transferring bioactive molecules between cancer cells and stromal cells in local and distant microenvironments8. Given their features, exosomes are ideal candidates for use as reliable biomarkers for non-invasive cancer diagnostics9. Numerous guidelines have been developed to provide a framework for exosome-based ca
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