Serum Selenium, Iron, Zinc, and Copper Concentrations in Renal Transplant Recipients Treated with Mycophenolate Mofetil
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Serum Selenium, Iron, Zinc, and Copper Concentrations in Renal Transplant Recipients Treated with Mycophenolate Mofetil Aleksandra Wilk 1 & Dagmara Szypulska-Koziarska 1 & Małgorzata Marchelek-Myśliwiec 2 & Wojciech Głazek 1 & Barbara Wiszniewska 1 Received: 16 September 2019 / Accepted: 6 February 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract There are data available in the literature on bioelement concentrations in the serum of various groups of patients; however, very little is known about the serum concentration of selenium (Se), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in renal transplant patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs, including mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Monitoring of serum bioelement concentrations in renal transplant recipients is of profound importance, as the proper bioelement levels seem to prolong the normal function of the transplanted organ. Thus, the aim of this current study was to examine and carry out comparative analysis involving serum concentrations of Se, Fe, Cu, and Zn of renal transplant recipients treated with MMF and without MMF. The material consisted of blood samples from 115 patients of the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine of Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, in the city of Szczecin in the northwestern Poland. Serum Se, Fe, Cu, and Zn levels were quantified by inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Taking into account all patients, MMF increases Cu level. Cu and Fe concentrations were significantly higher in women treated with MMF; in group of younger patients treated with MMF, Se level was significantly lower comparing with those whose regimen did not include MMF. Additionally, MMF in combination with prednisone increased Se concentration in blood of transplant recipients. Our study highlights that trace elements should be monitored to allow for an early detection of trace elements deficits, which can easily be corrected for by an adjusted diet or supplemental intake. Keywords Mycophenolate mofetil . Renal transplant recipients . Bioelement
Introduction Renal transplant recipients need to have their biochemical parameters monitored regularly, including creatinine level, hepatic enzyme concentrations, and blood ion levels. Monitoring serum bioelement concentrations in renal transplant recipients is of profound importance, as the proper bioelement levels seem to prolong the normal function of the transplanted organ [16, 30]. Iron (Fe) status has not been thoroughly studied in renal transplant recipients; however, according to Malyszko et al. [22], Fe deficiencies
* Aleksandra Wilk [email protected] 1
Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
2
Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
were detected in 62.4% of long-term kidney recipients without anemia [22]. Hemodialysis patients are often supplemented with Fe to
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