Sonochemically synthesized Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 nanorod: an efficient electrode material for Na-ion battery
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Bull Mater Sci (2020)43:251 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-020-02215-2
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Sonochemically synthesized Na2Ti6O13 nanorod: an efficient electrode material for Na-ion battery SWATILEKHA GHOSH1,2 1
Faraday Materials Laboratory, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India Present Address: Dr. M. N. Dastur School of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India [email protected]; [email protected]
2
MS received 23 February 2020; accepted 4 June 2020 Abstract. A simple cost-effective wet synthesis route has been proposed for synthesis of Na2Ti6O13, which is an efficient anode material that can be used for 1–3 volt batteries. The material has been synthesized by sonochemical route, which offers two distinct features: (1) energy-savvy (green) synthesis by significantly lowering the final calcination temperature and duration, and (2) formation of uniform and nano-scale particles suitable for battery application. The sonochemical synthesis was carried out at 20 kHz–500 W by applying sonication for 30 min at 25C, using precursors (NaOH:TiO2) in a molar ratio of 6:1 followed by calcination at 750C for 1 h in air. This material showed excellent reversible electrochemical performance (up to 93% retention) and offers reversible capacity around 40 mAh g-1 acting to be 0.82 V anode for Na-ion battery. Keywords.
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Sonochemistry; Na-ion battery; nanorod; anode material; Na2Ti6O13.
Introduction
With the goal of minimizing the safety issues in commercializing rechargeable batteries, implementation of suitable anode materials is mandatory. Carbon-based anodes have been successfully commercialized to meet this issue. In case of Na-ion batteries, hard carbon showed high sodium insertion capacity [1,2]. However, due to the very low intercalation potential, these anodes lead to decomposition of the electrolyte [3]. As an outcome, these materials can instigate various safety concerns during charging procedure. This property of hard carbon has been identified as the biggest drawback in its way of commercialization [4,5]. Seeking alternate materials chemistry, Ti-based anodes were introduced, which can be operated at slightly higher voltage, with high capacity [6–9], long cycling stability [6] and good thermal stability [10]. These types of anode materials are economic, eco-friendly with a full cell operation voltage of 2.5 to 3.5 V when coupled with high voltage cathode materials [11–13]. In this respect, particularly Na–Ti–O-based anode materials showed plateau in the voltage range of 0.4–1 V with capacity ranging from 50 to 200 mAh g-1 [14,15]. In the quest for safe anode material, material should be chosen with moderate Na? intercalation voltage. For Na2Ti6O13 (NTO), the Na? intercalation voltage was found at 0.8 V where electrochemical equation for Na storage is explored as, Na2Ti6O13 ? xNa? ? xe– = Na2?xTi6O13, x = 1 refers to theoretical capacity of 49.5
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