Study of the Photocatalytic Activity Using Silica-Based Materials Doped with Silver Nanoparticles for Degradation of Rho
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Study of the Photocatalytic Activity Using Silica-Based Materials Doped with Silver Nanoparticles for Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye Lázaro Nascimento Ribas & Luis Otávio de Sousa Bulhões & William Leonardo da Silva
Received: 13 February 2020 / Accepted: 26 March 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Rhodamine B (RhB) is a cationic organic dye widely used industrially, mainly in the textile and food industries. Then, the work aims to study on the photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye, under UV and visible radiation, using photocatalyst silica-based materials synthesized by sol-gel route with different solvents (ethanol and n-propanol) and catalysts (C 12H27N, HNO3, NH4OH, and NaOH) to the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraorthosilicate (TEOS). In addition, the effect of doping with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was evaluated on the photocatalytic activity. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), N2 porosimetry, zeta potential measurements (ZP), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To evaluate the photocatalytic activity, photocatalytic tests were carried out in a stirred batch reactor, with the photocatalyst in suspension, under ultraviolet and visible radiation, and the target molecule chosen was the Rhodamine B dye (RhB). The photocatalyst Si–HNO3–AgNPs showed the best photocatalytic activity with a degradation of the RhB dye of 90.16% (k = 0.0198 min−1, under ultraviolet radiation) and 82.79% (k = 0.0148 min−1, under visible radiation), after 120 min of reaction; while under L. Nascimento Ribas : W. L. da Silva Chemical Engineering Course, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS 97010-032, Brazil L. O. de Sousa Bulhões : W. L. da Silva (*) Postgraduate Program in Nanosciences, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS 97010-032, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]
the same conditions, the commercial catalyst TiO2 (P25) showed a degradation of 50.02% and 42.14%, respectively. Keywords Heterogeneous photocatalysis . Doping . Silver nanoparticles . Dyes . Sol-gel
1 Introduction Currently, problems related to supply and wastewater pollution are potentially caused due to the presence of organic pollutants, mainly dyes and pharmaceuticals (Lu et al. 2019). Furthermore, the presence of dyes in wastewater becomes associated with being in textile, food, and plastic industries as main sources spending a lot of volume of water, producing remarkable color wastewater (Rafatullah et al. 2010). For example, it is estimated that there are more than 100,000 synthetic dyes on the market, with the annual production more of 700,000 tons around the world (Al-Fawwaz and Abdullah 2015). Thus, the fact is that many of these compounds are characterized by toxic nature and their proprieties mutagenic and carcinogenic, becoming a threat to public health and the environment (Kassale et al. 2015). Among these dyes, Rhodamine B (C28H31N2O3Cl) is characterized by its cationic nature, belonging to the class of xanthemic dyes and widely used in the textile in
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