Synthesis and characterization of multiarm star-shaped water-soluble graft copolymer through atom transfer radical polym
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Synthesis and characterization of multiarm star‑shaped water‑soluble graft copolymer through atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylamide initiated from bio‑based lignin macroinitiator Mahdi Abdollahi1 · Mahsa Mohsenpour2 · Seyed Amir Mousavian1 · Akbar Varamesh3 Received: 15 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 / Published online: 17 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this research, two types of lignin-based macroinitiators were prepared using α-bromoisobutyrylation reaction. Hydroxyl groups (OH) of lignin were completely or partially α-bromoisobutyrylated to produce two types of macroinitiators. Ligning-polyacrylamide graft copolymers soluble in water over the full range of pH were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylamide initiated from bio-based lignin macroinitiator. Progress of all reactions and synthesis of multiarm star-shaped graft copolymers were evaluated with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR). Depending on the macroinitiator type and reaction condition, the semi-empirical molecular weights of the synthesized copolymers were estimated to be between 19,705 and 52,412 g/mol, and the molecular weights of the arms were in the range of 4919–7821 g/mol. Thermal behavior of the samples was also investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
* Mahdi Abdollahi [email protected] 1
Polymer Reaction Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115‑114, Tehran, Iran
2
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3
Development Division of Chemical, Polymer and Petrochemical Technology, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, P.O. Box: 18745‑4163, Tehran, Iran
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Vol.:(0123456789)
1570
Wood Science and Technology (2020) 54:1569–1585
Introduction Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose. This renewable polymer forms the principal component of wood along with hemicelluloses and cellulose (Diao et al. 2014; Feng et al. 2017; Hasan and Fatehi 2018). Lignin has a lot of desirable physiochemical features including a large number of functional groups such as aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyls (OH), carboxylic, carbonyl and methoxyl groups (Price et al. 2018); it consists of three basic phenylpropane units, which originate from p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. The alcohols link to each other through an oxidative coupling to form complex 3D polymer networks (Dorrestijn et al. 2000; Diao et al. 2014; Matsushita 2015). A large amount of lignin is generated as a co-product during the production of chemical pulp; it is primarily burnt as an energy source (Kim and Kadla 2010), and only a small amount of it is used to produce commercial materials. Annually, about 50 million tons of lignin is extracted; however, only 2% of it is converted into value-added
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