Temperature-Responsive HCl-Releasing Catalysts for Cellulose Hydrolysis into Glucose
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Temperature‑Responsive HCl‑Releasing Catalysts for Cellulose Hydrolysis into Glucose Yong Wang1 · Yuan Zhang1 · Jinghua Wang1 · Ming Wang1 · Hongyou Cui1 · Weiming Yi2 · Feng Song1 · Pingping Zhao3 · Xiuyu Sun1 · Yujiao Xie1 Received: 21 February 2020 / Accepted: 4 April 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Conversion of cellulose into glucose is one of the important approaches to biomass utilization, but the insolubility of cellulose in water makes it difficult to hydrolyze particularly in the case of heterogeneous catalysis due to the mass transfer obstacle between solid catalyst particles and cellulose particles. Temperature-responsive HCl-releasing catalysts have unique characteristic as they allow to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction of cellulose under homogeneous catalysts while the released HCl can be recovered and reused via simple cooling after reaction. In this paper, three mesoporous N-doped carbon materials (CNs) with temperature-responsive HCl-releasing ability were synthesized by carbonization of aminoguanidine hydrochloride at 400, 500 and 600 °C respectively. The basicity and the temperature-responsive HCl-releasing behavior of the as-prepared CNs are examined by means of acid–base titration and high temperature releasing experiment. The experimental results show that, of the three samples, CN-400 possesses the maximum HCl intake of 1.28 mmol HCl/g and can release about 1.15 mmol HCl/g when being heated to 220 °C. Employing CN-400·nHCl as the catalyst, a total reducing sugars (TRS) yield of 81.1% and 61.1% glucose yield can be obtained after reaction under 220 °C for 60 min. The considerable basic sites are derived from the pyridine nitrogen and indispensable for HCl-releasing to catalyze cellulose hydrolysis. Furthermore, CN-400·nHCl possesses excellent catalytic stability. Graphic Abstract Temperature-responsive acid-releasing catalysts provide a novel and green solid-liquid phase cellulose conversion reaction system.
Keywords Cellulose hydrolysis · N-doped carbon · Temperature-responsive catalyst · TRS · Glucose
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1 Introduction Cellulose is viewed as the most potential alternative to fossil resources for production of chemicals and fuels owing to availability and abundance of biomass [1, 2]. A large number of attempts has been made to transform cellulose into small molecules under varying reaction conditions, e.g., acidic, basic, oxidative, reductive and hydrothermal conditions [3]. The most desired target products that can be derived from cellulose include monosaccharides, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), lactic acid, levulinic acid (LA) and polyols such as sorbitol [4, 5]. However, cellulose is intractable to depolymerize and difficult to dissolve in most solvents due to its high crystallinity [6]. Therefore, catalytic conversion of cellulose to value-added chemicals with high selectivity is a very attractive yet challenging subject in green chemistry [
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