Recycling Baby Diaper Waste into Cellulose and Nanocellulose
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Recycling Baby Diaper Waste into Cellulose and Nanocellulose C. Trilokesh1 · P. Bavadharani1 · M. Mahapriyadarshini1 · R. Janani1 · Kiran Babu Uppuluri1 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The present work reports the baby diaper wastes to recycle into cellulose and nanocellulose. Cellulose was extracted by chlorine-free approach, using acetic and nitric acids. Approximately 25.13 ± 1.02% w/w cellulose was extracted from the used baby diapers. FE-SEM and TEM analysed the morphology of extracted cellulose and nano cellulose. Different carbon atoms and functional groups of the extracted cellulose were identified by CP/MAS 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy respectively. Extracted cellulose exhibited a crystallinity of 65.16% as observed from the XRD analysis. A horizontal pattern of weight loss from 310 to 530 °C with an endothermal peak at 355 °C from DSC-TGA confirmed the presence of cellulose. Spherical cellulose nanocrystals (SCNCs) were produced using sulphuric acid hydrolysis with a size range of 50–190 nm. HPLC analysis of SCNCs confirmed the presence of only glucose and a minor fraction of cellobiose, indicating the high purity of the extracted cellulose. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Baby diaper waste · Cellulose · Crystallinity · Characterisation · Extraction · Nanocellulose * Kiran Babu Uppuluri [email protected] 1
Bioprospecting Laboratory, Centre for Bioenergy, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
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Statement of Novelty The novelty presented in this work is the utilisation of used baby diaper waste to extract the cellulose in an ecofriendly approach. The demonstrated green approach could tackle the significant accumulation of diaper waste in municipal solid waste management. The present study also contributes for the synthesis of nano cellulose from the recycled cellulose which can be used for various applications. This is the first report on the untouched municipal solid waste, baby diaper waste for extracting the valuable polymer.
Introduction The diaper is a type of comfort wear for babies to adsorb and retain their urine and faeces for a specified period. Diapers are broadly classified into disposable and reusable diapers based on their number of usage times. Disposable baby diaper comprises of 36.6% cellulose, 30.7% sodium polyacrylate, 16% polypropylene, 6.2% low-density polyethene and 10.5% elastic and adhesive tapes [33]. Disposable diapers are used for a single time and later discarded without recycling [26]. Disposable diaper wastes constitute 2–7% of total municipal solid waste that causes significant environment pollution [2]. In India, alone diapers and sanitary napkin waste comprises of 10% of municipal solid waste [16]. Globally, 3.5 million tonnes of diaper waste is discarded as solid waste that is either burnt or end up in landfills [15]. Major environmental issues of diaper waste include air pollution, global warming, fire outbreak, landfills
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