The Climate of the Arctic
This book is a new and revised second edition of the book ‘The Climate of the Arctic’, published in 2003. It presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of knowledge related to the climate of the Arctic, using the latest meteorological data. Al
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Rajmund Przybylak
The Climate of the Arctic Second Edition
Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library Volume 52
Series Editor Lawrence A. Mysak, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Editorial Advisory Board A. Berger, Université Catholique, Louvain, Belgium J.R. Garratt, CSIRO, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia J. Hansen, MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. M. Hantel, Universität Wien, Austria H. Kelder, KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute), De Bilt, The Netherlands T.N. Krishnamurti, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A. P. Lemke, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany A. Robock, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A. S.H. Schneider†, Stanford University, CA, U.S.A. G.E. Swaters, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada J.C. Wyngaard, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5669
Rajmund Przybylak
The Climate of the Arctic Second Edition
Rajmund Przybylak Department of Meteorology and Climatology Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, Poland
ISSN 1383-8601 ISSN 2215-162X (electronic) Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library ISBN 978-3-319-21695-9 ISBN 978-3-319-21696-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21696-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015953215 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To wife Dorota and our daughters Anna Maria and Julia Dorota
Preface
At the end of the nineteenth century, researchers put forward the hypothesis that the Polar regions may play the key role in shaping the global climate. This supposition then found full confirmation in empirical and model research conducted in recent
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