The Gut Ecosystem: A Critical Player in Stroke
- PDF / 1,994,663 Bytes
- 6 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 44 Downloads / 149 Views
MINI-REVIEWS
The Gut Ecosystem: A Critical Player in Stroke Rosa Delgado Jiménez1 · Corinne Benakis1 Received: 6 October 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The intestinal microbiome is emerging as a critical factor in health and disease. The microbes, although spatially restricted to the gut, are communicating and modulating the function of distant organs such as the brain. Stroke and other neurological disorders are associated with a disrupted microbiota. In turn, stroke-induced dysbiosis has a major impact on the disease outcome by modulating the immune response. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in stroke, one of the most devastating brain disorders worldwide with very limited therapeutic options, and we discuss novel insights into the gut-immune-brain axis after an ischemic insult. Understanding the nature of the gut bacteria-brain crosstalk may lead to microbiome-based therapeutic approaches that can improve patient recovery. Keywords Stroke · Microbiome · Metabolites · Gut-brain axis · Immune system
Introduction From the moment of birth, a symbiotic relationship is established between the host and the colonizing microbes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These intestinal microorganisms regulate many aspects of the host physiology, such as metabolism, immune system education, and brain development (Sampson and Mazmanian 2015). Depletion of the microbiome in newborn mice results in impairment of the blood brain barrier, alterations in synaptic plasticity, and learning deficits (Sharon et al. 2016). Interestingly, all these developmental deficiencies are associated to an immature microglial phenotype, suggesting a key role of the gut microbiota in regulating brain development via its immunomodulatory properties (Pronovost and Hsiao 2019). Signaling between the gut microbiota and peripheral organs is mediated by microbiome-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) and microbiome-secreted metabolites that can either interact with the mucosal epithelial and intestinal immune cells, stimulate the vagus nerve or reach systemic circulation to signal to the brain and possibly modulate neuronal and immune response (Schroeder and Bäckhed 2016). In turn, * Corinne Benakis [email protected]‑muenchen.de 1
Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor‑Lynen‑Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the gut wall transmit inputs from the brain to influence gut motility, immune cell activity, and can induce changes in the gut composition (Furness 2012). Recent findings have implicated the bi-directional communication between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) in the onset and progression of brain diseases (Cryan et al. 2019). A number of neurological disorders and brain pathologies are accompanied by an altered microbiota composition and reduced gut motility (Hsiao et al. 2013). However, mechanisms underpinning gut microbiota and host crosstalk r
Data Loading...
