The impact of acute and chronic resistance exercise on muscle stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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REVIEW PAPER
The impact of acute and chronic resistance exercise on muscle stiffness: a systematic review and meta‑analysis Scott Justin Dankel1 · Brenna M. Razzano1 Received: 29 April 2020 / Accepted: 25 May 2020 © Società Italiana di Ultrasonologia in Medicina e Biologia (SIUMB) 2020
Abstract Purpose Ultrasound is commonly used to measure changes in skeletal muscle morphology in response to both acute and chronic resistance exercise, but little is known on how muscle stiffness changes via ultrasound elastography, which was the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The online data bases of Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were each searched up until February 2020 and the data were analyzed using a random effects model. Results A total of eight studies (four acute and four chronic) met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis. Following a single bout of exercise, muscle stiffness was increased within the first hour [ES: 1.52 (95% CI 0.14, 2.91); p = 0.031], but was no longer elevated when measured 2 days post-exercise [ES: 0.76 (95% CI − 0.32, 1.83); p = 0.16] or ≥ 7 days postexercise [ES: 0.20 (95% CI − 0.53, 0.94); p = 0.58]. There was no impact of long-term resistance training on changes in muscle stiffness [ES: − 0.04 (95% CI − 0.24, 0.15); p = 0.653]. Conclusion The primary findings from this meta-analysis indicate that muscle stiffness increases acutely following a single bout of resistance exercise, but does not change long-term with chronic resistance training when measured via ultrasound shear elastography. Given the small number of studies included in this review, future studies may wish to examine changes in muscle stiffness in response to both acute and chronic resistance exercise. Keywords Elastography · Exercise · Hardness · Resistance training · Skeletal muscle · Strength training
Introduction Ultrasound measurements of elastography allow for the assessment of tissue stiffness via either shear or strain elastography. Strain elastography examines tissue deformation in response to external pressure applied by the ultrasound technician; whereas, shear elastography evaluates the speed at which shear waves from the ultrasound probe travel [1]. While this technique is commonly used to assess different types of cancers and liver diseases [1], it is gaining more frequent use as a measure performed in skeletal muscle in response to resistance exercise. Traditional measures of skeletal muscle stiffness involved assessments of resting joint angles [2], forces required to lengthen muscles [2], palpations [3], myometer assessments [4], and subjective rating * Scott Justin Dankel [email protected] 1
Department of Health and Exercise Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States
scales [5], but ultrasound measured elastography [6] allows for a visualization and objective measure of the muscle being assessed. Furthermore, the use of ultrasound provides a more portable and less expensive modality of assessment in comparison to magnetic resonance e
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