The late flowering of invasive species contributes to the increase of Artemisia allergenic pollen in autumn: an analysis
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The late flowering of invasive species contributes to the increase of Artemisia allergenic pollen in autumn: an analysis of 25 years of aerobiological data (1995–2019) in Trentino-Alto Adige (Northern Italy) Antonella Cristofori . Edith Bucher . Michele Rossi . Fabiana Cristofolini . Veronika Kofler . Filippo Prosser . Elena Gottardini
Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Artemisia pollen is an important aeroallergen in late summer, especially in central and eastern Europe where distinct anemophilous Artemisia spp. produce high amounts of pollen grains. The study aims at: (i) analyzing the temporal pattern of and changes in the Artemisia spp. pollen season; (ii) identifying the Artemisia species responsible for the local airborne pollen load. Daily pollen concentration of Artemisia spp. was analyzed at two sites (BZ and SM) in Trentino-Alto Adige, North Italy, from 1995 to 2019. The analysis of airborne Artemisia pollen concentrations evidences the presence of a bimodal curve, with two peaks, in August and September, respectively. The magnitude of peak concentrations varies across the studied time span for both sites: the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-020-09663-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Cristofori (&) F. Cristofolini E. Gottardini Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele All’Adige, Trento, Italy e-mail: [email protected] E. Bucher M. Rossi V. Kofler Agency for Environment and Climate Protection, Via Sottomonte, 2, Laives, Bolzano 39055, Italy F. Prosser Fondazione Museo Civico Di Rovereto, Borgo Santa Caterina 41, Rovereto, Trento 38068, Italy
maximum concentration at the September peak increases significantly for both the BZ (p \ 0.05) and SM (p \ 0.001) site. The first peak in the pollen calendar is attributable to native Artemisia species, with A. vulgaris as the most abundant; the second peak is mostly represented by the invasive species A. annua and A. verlotiorum (in constant proportion along the years), which are causing a considerable increase in pollen concentration in the late pollen season in recent years.. The spread of these species can affect human health, increasing the length and severity of allergenic pollen exposure in autumn, as well as plant biodiversity in both natural and cultivated areas, with negative impacts on, e.g., Natura 2000 protected sites and crops. Keywords Aerobiology Mugwort Pollen Allergy Temporal trend
1 Introduction The genus Artemisia (Compositae family) comprises about 500 species worldwide, with its principal distribution in the northern hemisphere. There are 75 known Artemisia species in Europe (https://eunis.eea. europa.eu/, accessed July 3, 2020), and at least 10 species occur in the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige (Wilhalm et al. 2006; Prosser et al. 2019). The genus shows a wide range of
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