The Marine Clade of the Family Flavobacteriaceae: The Genera Aequorivita, Arenibacter, Cellulophaga, Croceibacter, Formo
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The Marine Clade of the Family Flavobacteriaceae: The Genera Aequorivita, Arenibacter, Cellulophaga, Croceibacter, Formosa, Gelidibacter, Gillisia, Maribacter, Mesonia, Muricauda, Polaribacter, Psychroflexus, Psychroserpens, Robiginitalea, Salegentibacter, Tenacibaculum, Ulvibacter, Vitellibacter and Zobellia JOHN P. BOWMAN
Introduction The family Flavobacteriaceae represents a major branch of the Gram-negative phylum Bacteroidetes that is also popularly referred to as the “Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group or phylum” (see The List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature website for official taxonomic names). In the last decade the Flavobacteriaceae has undergone rapid expansion incorporating many new species and genera, mostly from marine and polar ecosystems. A standardized minimal set of criteria has been recently established for the description of new members of this taxonomic group (Bernardet et al., 2002). Several genera within the family, most obviously Flavobacterium (Bernardet et al., 1996), have undergone substantial taxonomic revision. This heightened activity has at least partially come in response to the increasing evidence that this homogenously chemoheterotrophic group has environmental significance in aquatic ecosystems. Recent research indicates the marine genera of the family are a major component of the ocean pelagic zone microbial biomass, strongly coupled to phytoplanktonic primary production (photosynthesis), and, on the basis of at least anecdotal research, responsible for a major fraction of organic matter remineralization in the oceans (reviewed by Kirchman, 2002). The marine clade of genera in the Flavobacteriaceae is phylogenetically distinct, notable for containing a large number of cold adapted (psychrophilic and psychrotolerant) species, and in this respect, it parallels marine genus clusters in phylum Proteobacteria, which are the only other consistently major component of surface ocean bacterioplankton. As of early 2004, 19 validly described genera, listed in the title of the chapter, belong to the marine clade of the family Flavobacteriaceae. A general
coverage of the biology of these genera is the focus of this chapter.
Evolution of the Marine Clade Currently, analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence is used as the major criterion in establishing new taxa amongst the existing hierarchy of bacteria. This has been the case for the marine clade of the Flavobacteriaceae in which all the official names have been either created or revised only since 1997, with phylogeny used initially to designate new taxa. A large number of validly described genera and
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