The pelvis urinary microbiome in patients with kidney stones and clinical associations
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
The pelvis urinary microbiome in patients with kidney stones and clinical associations Fengping Liu1,2†, Nan Zhang2†, Yunhong Wu2†, Peng Jiang2, Tingting Jiang3, Yang Wang2, Yuwei Zhang2, Qixiao Zhai4*, Yeqing Zou5* and Ninghan Feng2*
Abstract Background: The long-held notion that, without urinary tract or circulatory infection, bladder urine and blood are sterile biofluids has been disproven. There have been no previous reports on the kidney pelvis urinary microbiome after bladder disinfection in kidney stone patients. This study aimed to determine whether a kidney pelvis urinary microbiome is present after eliminating the influence of the bladder urinary microbiome, whether the microbiome composition is different in patients with stone kidney pelvis (SKP) and non-stone kidney pelvis (NSKP), and the correlation between SKP and patient clinical characteristics. Results: Comparisons of bacterial diversity and community structure exhibited that urine in bladder was similar to SKP and NSKP. However, the comparisons showed that urine samples were different from blood. The most common operational taxonomic units were shared by all three types of urine samples. Corynebacterium was significantly higher in SKP compared to NSKP. Several bacteria were associated with patient characteristics, including Lactobacillus, which was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose, and Prevotella was negatively correlated with BMI. Lactobacillus was significantly higher in SKP compared to blood but not in NSKP compared to blood. Conclusions: The composition of the kidney pelvis urinary microbiome after disinfection of the bladder and its similarity to the bladder microbiome indicate that bladder urine can be used to replace kidney pelvis urine in microbiome research. Additionally, the comparison of SKP and NSKP and clinical associations suggest that the occurrence of kidney stones is responsible for the SKP urinary microbiome. Keywords: Bladder urinary microbiome, Blood microbiome, Kidney pelvis urinary microbiome, Kidney stone, Kidney function
* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] † Fengping Liu, Nan Zhang and Yunhong Wu contributed equally to this work. 4 State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China 5 Basic Medical School, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224000, China 2 Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No.2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Background Kidney stones affect approximately one in 11 individuals in their lifetimes, and their prevalence is increasing [1]. The recurrence rate within the first 5 years of the initial episode is as high as 50% [2], and some patients may develop chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease [3]. Despite its high incidence and severe complications, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of kidney stone formation re
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