The relationship between soil bacteria and metal nutrient availability for uptake of apple trees in Chinese orchards
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The relationship between soil bacteria and metal nutrient availability for uptake of apple trees in Chinese orchards Dong Zhang1,2 · Shunfeng Ge2 · Chong Wang1,2 · Yuanmao Jiang3 · Xiaolin Li1,2 · Shaojie Xia1,2 · Jingzhi He1,2 · Jiang Yao1,2 · Junna Zhang1,2 · Xinyu Wang1,2 Received: 26 December 2019 / Accepted: 16 May 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Soil bacteria are widely recognized for their roles in nutrient cycling, such as for nitrogen and phosphorus, and for promoting soil health. However, the relationship between soil bacteria and the availability of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc under different climatic conditions in orchard systems remains poorly understood. Here, we explored the relationship between soil bacteria and metal nutrient availability and uptake by apple trees based on 36 soil samples from three climate zones that span the major apple-producing areas in China. The results indicated that six phyla (e.g., Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, and Proteobacteria) in the soil bacterial communities were positively related to the metal nutrients availability, especially to calcium (16 OTUs) and magnesium (19 OTUs). At the class level, Alphaproteobacteria improved the availability of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and copper, while Actinobacteria improved the availability of zinc and altered absorption by the roots and the contents in leaves. We found that the underground bacterial community diversity was determined by climatic conditions and soil properties, which altered the effect of bacteria on soil metal nutrients availability, and led to differences of nutritional content in the aboveground plant portions. Therefore, soil bacteria played a central role in this process for sustainable development in apple orchard systems. Keywords Apple orchard · Metal nutrients · Plant–bacteria interaction · Structural equation model
Introduction
Dong Zhang and Shunfeng Ge have contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00629-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Chong Wang [email protected] 1
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
2
Key Laboratory of Plant‑Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing 100193, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
Soil microbiomes are indispensable parts of soils and are related to both soil and human health (Bardgett and van der Putten 2014). As the most diverse microbial community on earth, especially the soil bacteria (Trap et al. 2016), they play important roles in many soil processes (Orland et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2020). The impacts of soil bacteria on aboveground crops are prominent, and include control of disease and pests (Zhang e
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