The state of the art of gravimetry in Italy
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EARTH’S GRAVITY FIELD AND EARTH SCIENCES
The state of the art of gravimetry in Italy Giovanna Berrino1 Received: 31 October 2019 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 © Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 2020
Abstract Relative and absolute gravimetric measurements are carried out for metrological, geodetic and geophysical (structural and dynamic) studies. Gravimetry is largely used in Italy since long time for vast set of studies. Both relative and absolute measurements are carried out in several fields of geodesy, geophysics and geodynamic with different approaches. After a brief historical excursus, the paper presents the state of the art of “Modern” gravimetry in Italy in its various applications, together the main available results and products, with particular attention to: – Development of modern gravimetry in Italy: from relative to absolute measurements. – Italian reference gravity networks: state of the art
– The Italian gravimetric map: its evolution over time, data, the present-day status and related products. – Dynamic gravimetry: examples of applications in geodynamical areas.
Finally, suggestions for future perspectives for gravimetry in Italy are outlined. Keywords Gravimetry · Gravity reference networks · Bouguer maps · Dynamic gravimetry
1 Introduction Relative and absolute gravity measurements are carried out for metrological, geodetic and geophysical (structural and dynamic) studies. Relative measurements are the most common approach to determine underground mass distribution due to geological structures (i.e. gravity prospecting), or time–space gravity variations due to mass displacement such as those occurring in geodynamical areas. In each case, relative measurements, or repeated gravity measurements, are generally carried out at benchmarks on networks. The main advantage of the relative measurements is that they can be performed almost This peer-reviewed paper is a contribution originated from presentations at the International Conference “Earth’s Gravity Field and Earth Sciences" held on March 22, 2019, at Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome. * Giovanna Berrino [email protected] 1
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli “Osservatorio Vesuviano”, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
anywhere, but they can be affected over the long time by changes of instrumental sensitivity and loss of vacuum in the airtight sealing system. Therefore, a good instrumental calibration is strongly required; the instruments must be subject to continuous check on stable calibration lines and returned to the Manufacturer for periodic controls and maintenance. Moreover, to reach high precisions, relative measurements require special operative procedures (e.g. Berrino et al. 2015). Those imply long-time surveys that are consequently spaced out some months or years; a further disadvantage of the repeated relative gravity measurements is the lack of information about the rate and/or quick changes, since gravity variations are assumed linearly changing over the time between two consec
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