The Sun and Space Weather

Since the Sun is the main source of space weather effects, the first part of the book is devoted to a general introduction to the physics of the Sun. A better understanding of the phenomena underlying solar activity is also important for prediction of sol

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ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY VOLUME 277

EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected]) Executive Committee J. M. E. KUIJPERS, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands MEMBERS I. APPENZELLER, Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl, Germany J. N. BAHCALL, The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A. F. BERTOLA, Universitá di Padova, Italy J. P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. C. J. CESARSKY, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France O. ENGVOLD, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, JILA, Boulder, U.S.A. P. G. MURDIN, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K. F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India K. SATO, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia Y. TANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan S. TREMAINE, CITA, Princeton University, U.S.A. N. O. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K.

THE SUN AND SPACE WEATHER by ARNOLD HANSLMEIER Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics and Meteorology, University of Graz, Austria

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:

0-306-48211-8 1-4020-0684-5

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Erratum to ISBN 1-4020-0684-5 Dear Reader, Kluwer Academic Publishers is the proud publisher of ASSL Volume 277 “The Sun and Space Weather” written by Prof. Arnold Hanslmeier of the University of Graz. However, we must point out that a number of important references and acknowledgements to work done by the Australian Space Weather Agency, IPS Radio and Space Services were not included. In particular:

1) Figures 9.5 and 9.6 are courtesy of IPS Radio and Space Services. 2) The atmospheric model (for orbital decay) in Section 9.2.7 has been developed by IPS Principal Physicist John Kennewell. 3) The IPS Radio and Space Services Web site www.ips.gov.au should have been listed in Section 13.2 as an important resource for information. Sections 9.2.4 to 9.2.7 present information that was taken from the educa