Toxicological effects of urban particulate matter on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells
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Toxicol Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-019-00034-0
Toxicological Research
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Toxicological effects of urban particulate matter on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells Soo‑Wang Hyun1,4 · Su Jeong Song1 · Bongkyun Park2 · Tae Gu Lee2 · Chan‑Sik Kim2,3 Received: 29 July 2019 / Revised: 10 November 2019 / Accepted: 6 December 2019 © Korean Society of Toxicology 2020
Abstract Exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM) is a high-risk factor for various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye syndrome. However, the effects of UPM on corneal and conjunctival epithelium damage have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the toxicological effects of UPM exposure at high concentrations by using in vitro cultures. The cell viability, mucin expression, and the secreted inflammatory mediators of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells was observed at 24 h after exposure to UPM. The progression of cell cycle was also examined by flow cytometry at 24 h after exposure to UPM. UPM reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and increased cell population in S and G2 phase. The expression of mucin-1 was attenuated by UPM exposure, but that of mucin-4 was not. UPM increased interleukin (IL)-6 release and decreased IL-8 release. The intensity of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) was highest at 4 h of UPM exposure. In conclusion, these results suggest that UPM causes the disruption of corneal and conjunctival epithelium by decreasing cell viability, altering cell cycle, disrupting mucin, and regulating inflammatory mediators. Keywords Cell cycle · Cell death · Corneal/conjunctival epithelial cells · Mucin · Urban particulate mater Abbreviations CCCk-8 Cell Counting Kit-8 DES Dry eye syndrome DEP Diesel exhaust particles ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IL Interleukin nitro-PAHs Nitro-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl ROS Reactive oxygen species UPM Urban particulate matter WHO World Health Organization * Chan‑Sik Kim [email protected] 1
Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
2
Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yusengdae‑ro, Daejeon 34054, Korea
3
Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science Technology (UST), Daejeon 34054, Korea
4
Present Address: Medicinal Evaluation Team, Bio‑Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator (GBSA), Suwon, Gyeonggi‑do 16229, Korea
Introduction Dry eye syndrome (DES) is one of the most prevalent ocular surface diseases associated with quality of life [1]. Globally, more than 30% of the adult population suffer from DES at various ages [2]. Damage to the ocular surface including the cornea and conjunctiva is the most common cause of DES [2]. Air pollutants including gases (such as ozone and NO2), particulate matter, and some indoor hazards has a critical role in damaging ocular surface, triggering immune response [3]. It has b
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