Trace metal concentration in planted cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) from contaminated soils and its associated health ri
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Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety Journal fu¨r Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Trace metal concentration in planted cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) from contaminated soils and its associated health risks Hanaa S. Shehata1 · Tarek M. Galal2 Received: 23 January 2020 / Revised: 21 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 April 2020 © Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL) 2020
Abstract The concentration of trace metals (TMs) in soils and cucumber plants in contaminated and reference sites and their health risk for children and adults were investigated. Plant and soil were sampled through 30 squares distributed equally in six cucumber fields in the two sites. The pollution load index, which is the ratio of the concentration of TMs in contaminated and reference soils, showed extensive accumulation of TMs in contaminated soils. The dry and fresh biomass, and fruit production of cucumbers was significantly reduced under pollution stress. The bioaccumulation factor was > 1 for all investigated TMs, except Cd in the reference and Cd, Cr, Zn and Co in the contaminated site indicating the uptake of the investigated TMs from the soil by the root. In addition, the translocation factor to the stem and leaves was 1 for Fe in adults, and Pb and Fe in children, indicating a health risk for humans by ingestion of cucumbers, while in reference site it was 1, indicating a high potential of health hazard to consumers. It is necessary to regularly monitor toxic TMs to prevent their accumulation in the food chain. Keywords Contaminated soil · Biomass · Daily intake · Trace metals · Health risk
1 Introduction Protection of food quality and food safety is a growing need and should be taken into consideration, since there is a high risk by contaminated food (including vegetables) with TMs (Orisakwe et al. 2012). Vegetables take up TMs from the soil via their roots, and then translocate and accumulate them at high levels in their edible parts, even at low soil TM concentration (Jolly et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2016). The adverse effects of vegetables grown in soils contaminated with TMs on humans have been extensively studied (Shaheen et al. 2016; Farahat et al. 2017; Gatta et al. 2018; Eid et al. 2019). Wu and Sun (2016) reported that high levels of TMs such as As, Pb and Cd may pose serious health risks to human body’s. The harmful effects of TMs on humans are due to their accumulation in different body parts because of the * Tarek M. Galal [email protected] 1
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
2
lack of mechanisms for their removal from the body (Li et al. 2015). Generally, the main sources of TM contamination in vegetables are organic fertilizers, pesticides, and contaminated soils and irrigation water (Ali and Al-Qahtani 2012). Wastewater is commonly used in developing countries due to the lack of alternative irrigation sources for irrigati
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