Using Precision Medicine with a Neurodevelopmental Perspective to Study Inflammation and Depression
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PRECISION MEDICINE IN PSYCHIATRY (S KENNEDY, SECTION EDITOR)
Using Precision Medicine with a Neurodevelopmental Perspective to Study Inflammation and Depression Robert D. Levitan 1,2,3 & Cindy X. W. Zhang 3 & Julia A. Knight 4,5 & Rayjean Hung 4,5 & Jennifer Lye 4 & Kellie Murphy 4,6 & Leslie Atkinson 7 & Alan Bocking 4,6 & Stephen Lye 3,4,6 & Stephen G. Matthews 3,4,6 Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review To consider various precision medicine approaches to further elucidate the relationship between inflammation and depression and to illustrate how a neurodevelopmental perspective can help in this regard. Recent Findings Inflammation associates most strongly with phenotypes of depression that reflect illness behavior and/or metabolic dysfunction and obesity. A separate body of research has shown that maternal inflammation during pregnancy can alter brain circuitry important for mood regulation and/or reward in the developing fetus. Our research group is finding that maternal CRP levels differentially predict positive and negative affect in children assessed at age 4 years, depending on the timing of plasma sampling during pregnancy and the sex of the child. Summary Recent authors have stressed the need to use a variety of precision medicine approaches to refine our understanding of inflammation—depression links. Adding a neurodevelopmental perspective may help to address some of the methodological challenges in this active area of study. Keywords Inflammation . Depression . Precision medicine . Neurodevelopment . Developmental window . sex differences
Introduction This article is part of the Topical Collection on Precision Medicine in Psychiatry * Robert D. Levitan [email protected] 1
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada
2
Institute of Medical Science and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4
Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
5
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
6
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
7
Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Using Precision Psychiatry to Study Inflammation and Depression in Adulthood Extensive research has shown that inflammation and depression are mechanistically linked in a bidirectional fashion. One important remaining question relevant to precision medicine is whether unique symptoms and/or subtypes of depression are particularly susceptible to inflammatory changes [1•]. If so, this could inform more targeted treatments in well-characterized subgroups of depressed patients [2, 3]. Several different strategies have been used to address this challenge. Following from the Research Domain Crit
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