Simple Voltammetric Determination of Rhodamine B by Using the Glassy Carbon Electrode in Fruit Juice and Preserved Fruit
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Simple Voltammetric Determination of Rhodamine B by Using the Glassy Carbon Electrode in Fruit Juice and Preserved Fruit Lanlan Yu & Yexuan Mao & Lingbo Qu
Received: 15 October 2012 / Accepted: 28 January 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract This paper reported an innovative simple voltammetric approach for determination of rhodamine B based on a glassy carbon electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of rhodamine B. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the anodic peak current of rhodamine B was linear to its concentration in the range of 4.78– 956.1 μgL−1, and the limit of detection was 2.93 μgL−1 in pH 4.0 buffer solution. The electrode showed good repeatability and acceptable selectivity. This method was successfully applied to the detection of rhodamine B in preserved fruit and fruit juice samples, which has shown good reliability. Keywords Rhodamine B . Glassy carbon electrode . Voltammetric method . Fruit juice . Preserved fruit
Introduction Rhodamine B (RhB; Fig. 1) is a synthetic alkaline fluorone dye belonging to xanthene family (Duran et al. 2011), which is mainly applied as industrial dyes including paper, textile, leather, and porcelain. It is also a common analytical reagent L. Yu (*) : Y. Mao : L. Qu (*) College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] L. Qu School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
that is widely used in such fields as environmental protection, mining, steel, and pharmaceutical. Initially, RhB was used as a food additive, but experiments showed that RhB is carcinogenic. RhB was evaluated with carcinogenic risk according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact of the substance may cause acute and chronic poisoning and injury (Merouani et al. 2010; Kornbrust and Barfknecht 1985; IARC 1987; Mirsalis et al. 1989; McGregor et al. 1991; Shimada et al. 1994). Due to its risk, RhB is forbidden as a food additive, although it is still misused in food production process to save cost. This prompts the study to come out with a simple and quick analytical method for its detection. Various analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Sun et al. 2011), electrogenerated chemiluminescence (Jiang et al. 2006), UV-visible spectrometry (Desiderio et al. 1998; Pourreza et al. 2008; Biparva et al. 2010; Soylak et al. 2011), and fluorimetric methods (Hofstraat et al. 1991; Wang et al. 2008; Alesso et al. 2012) for the determination of rhodamine dyes have been widely used. These techniques bear either inconvenience, less sensitivity, or high cost. Spectrophotometric methods are characterized as relatively low sensitivities and often require a pretreating separation or a more or less comple
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