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ORIGINAL PAPER

Ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe based on CdTe/SiO2/folic acid/silver nanoparticles core-shell-satellite assembly for determination of 6-mercaptopurine Zhao Wang 1 & Shuting Li 1 & Chunyan Zhou 2 & Yingying Sun 1 & Hui Pang 3 & Wei Liu 4 & Xinchun Li 1 Received: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract A sensitive and robust fluorescent assay of 6-MP is described which relies on the facile assembly of a fluorescence nanoprobe by design of silica nanosphere encapsulated CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) as scaffold, coupling with chemically tethered folic acid (FA)–protected silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that function as responsive element. In this way a stable ternary core-shell-satellite nanostructure with dual-emission signals can be established. On binding to the target molecules, 6-MP, FA molecules initially occupied by AgNPs are liberated to give dose-dependent fluorescence emission, which can further form a self-calibration ratiometric fluorescence assay using CdTe QDs as an internal reference. The nanoprobe color vividly changes from red to blue, enabling the direct visual detection. The linear concentration range is 0.15~50 μM with the detection limit of 67 nM. By virtue of the favorable selectivity and robust assays, the nanoprobe was applied to 6-MP detection in urine samples, with recoveries from 97.3 to 106% and relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 5%. Keywords Fluorescence nanoprobe . Ratiometric analysis . 6-mercaptopurine . CdTe quantum dots . Core-shell-satellite nanostructure

Introduction 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), an analogue of hypoxanthine, is one of well-known antineoplastic and immunosuppressive

* Wei Liu [email protected] * Xinchun Li [email protected] 1

Pharmaceutical Analysis Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, People’s Republic of China

2

Inorganic Chemistry Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, People’s Republic of China

3

School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530031, People’s Republic of China

4

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, People’s Republic of China

agents that inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins in vivo. Clinically, it has been a routine pharmaceutical for the remedy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia [1, 2], inflammatory bowel disease [3, 4], and other malignancies [5]. As a cytotoxic therapeutic drug, it possesses a variety of side effects including myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, digestive disorder, and hyperuricemia. Besides, 6-MP has narrow therapeutic index and huge individual difference, which hinder its efficient clinical applications [6]. Quantitatively monitoring 6MP concentration level is quite urgent and developing simple, sensitive, and robust detection method for 6-MP is of great significance. Till n