Thermochemical conversion of plastic waste to fuels: a review
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REVIEW
Thermochemical conversion of plastic waste to fuels: a review Sonil Nanda1 · Franco Berruti1 Received: 26 August 2020 / Accepted: 5 September 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Plastics are common in our daily lifestyle, notably in the packaging of goods to reducing volume, enhancing transportation efficiency, keeping food fresh and preventing spoilage, manufacturing healthcare products, preserving drugs and insulating electrical components. Nonetheless, massive amounts of non-biodegradable plastic wastes are generated and end up in the environment, notably as microplastics. The worldwide industrial production of plastics has increased by nearly 80% since 2002. Based on the degree of recyclability, plastics are classified into seven major groups: polyethylene terephthalate, highdensity polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and miscellaneous plastics. Recycling technologies can reduce the accumulation of plastic wastes, yet they also pollute the environment, consume energy, labor and capital cost. Here we review waste-to-energy technologies such as pyrolysis, liquefaction and gasification for transforming plastics into clean fuels and chemicals. We focus on thermochemical conversion technologies for the valorization of waste plastics. This technology reduces the diversion of plastics to landfills and oceans, reduces carbon footprints, and has high conversion efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Depending on the conversion method, plastics can be selectively converted either to bio-oil, bio-crude oil, synthesis gas, hydrogen or aromatic char. We discuss the influence of process parameters such as temperature, heating rate, feedstock concentration, reaction time, reactor type and catalysts. Reaction mechanisms, efficiency, merits and demerits of biological and thermochemical plastic conversion processes are also discussed. Keywords Waste plastic · Waste-to-energy · Pyrolysis · Liquefaction · Gasification Abbreviations (C10H8O4)n Ethylene phthalate (C3H6)n Polypropylene (C8H8)n Polystyrene °C/min Degree Celsius per minute °C/s Degree Celsius per second °C Degree Celsius ·H Hydrogen radical ·OH Hydroxyl radical Al2O3 Aluminum oxide or alumina ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide * Sonil Nanda [email protected] * Franco Berruti [email protected] 1
Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
C2H2 Acetylene C2H4 Ethene or ethylene C2H6 Ethane C3H6 Propene C3H8 Propane C4H10 Butane C4H8 Butene Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide CeO2 Ceric oxide or ceria CH4 Methane Co/Al2O3 Cobalt on alumina Co/CeO2 Cobalt on ceria Co/CeO2–Al2O3 Cobalt on ceria–alumina CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide cP Centipoise Cu/Al2O3 Copper on alumina FDA United States Food and Drug Administration Fe/Al2O3 Iron on alumina Fe2O3/CeO2 Ferric oxide on ceria FHYD/CA Ferrihydrite t
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