Rheological study of cellulose nanofiber disintegrated by a controlled high-intensity ultrasonication for a delicate nan
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Rheological study of cellulose nanofiber disintegrated by a controlled high-intensity ultrasonication for a delicate nano-fibrillation Dasom Lee . Youngseok Oh . Jung-Keun Yoo . Jin Woo Yi . Moon-Kwang Um . Teahoon Park
Received: 7 June 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Herein, the rheological properties of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl radical-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCNF) suspensions individualized using high-intensity ultrasonication were investigated. The surface charge density of the nanofibers and sonication time were 0.659–1.24 mmol/g and 30–600 s, respectively. With increased surface charge density, the minimum time required for disintegration decreased due to the repulsive force between oxidized nanofibers. Additionally, increased sonication time enhanced the TOCNF nanofibrillation, thereby forming networks between the nanofibers. Further
disintegrating TOCNF increased shear viscosity and yield stress of TOCNF suspensions. Based on the crowding factor theory, the relationship between the average fiber width and sonication time was found at various surface charge densities. Ultrasonication was considered as an energy saving and precisely controllable nanofibrillation method. This research shows the change of fiber shapes during the nanofibrillation process, and suggests an estimation of disintegration degree by the relationship between the rheological properties and TOCNF morphology.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03410-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. D. Lee Y. Oh J.-K. Yoo J. W. Yi M.-K. Um T. Park (&) Carbon Composite Department, Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797, Changwon-daero, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-Do 51508, South Korea e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers High-intensity ultrasonication Nanofibrillation Rheology Fiber network
Introduction Cellulose is one of the most abundant materials extracted from plants and has been widely used owing to its renewability, biological degradability, and low cost (Siro and Plackett 2010; Wang and Cheng 2009). Cellulose is firmly combined with different components, such as hemicellulose and lignin; materials such as cellulose nanofiber can be obtained by crushing these raw materials into smaller sizes using various methods. Cellulose nanofibers are usually 2–100 nm in diameter and a few tens of micrometers in length (Menon et al. 2017; Zimmermann et al. 2010). Cellulose nanofibers exhibit significant properties, such as high tensile modulus and stiffness, low density, low thermal expansion, and high surface area; therefore, it has attracted increasing attention in various applications such as flexible displays, filters, 3D printing and energy storage systems (Bhatnagar and Sain 2005; Dai e
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