Salting-out strategy for speciation of selenium in aqueous samples using centrifuge-less dispersive liquid-liquid microe
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Salting-out strategy for speciation of selenium in aqueous samples using centrifuge-less dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction Beeta Mostafavi & Alireza Feizbakhsh Konoz & Hakim Faraji
&
Elaheh
Received: 5 April 2020 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The centrifuge-less dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (DLLME) technique was used to separate selenium species in aqueous samples. According to the salting-out effect, a simple approach was used to eliminate the centrifugation step. The optimization of the independent variables was performed using chemometric methods. Under optimal conditions, this methodology was statistically validated. The linearity was between 20 and 300 μg L−1. The limit of detection and quantification were calculated 3.4 μg L−1 and 10.4 μg L−1, respectively. The values of reproducibility and repeatability were determined ≤ 9.5% and ≤ 6.4, respectively. The possibility of the method was successfully assessed by analyzing the analytes in real samples clarified satisfactory recoveries (98.1– 101.4% for Se (IV) and 98.4–101.5% for Se (VI)).
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08609-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. B. Mostafavi : A. Feizbakhsh (*) : E. Konoz Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Niyayesh building, Imam Hassan Blv., Ashrafi-e-Esfehani Ave, Tehran 86831-14676, Iran e-mail: [email protected] H. Faraji (*) Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naghsh-e-Jahan Sq., 338177489, Pishva, Varamin, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Centrifuge-less . Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction . Selenium speciation
Introduction The DLLME technique has been applied since the end of 2006. It was the consequence of researchers’ attempt to find a way to reduce certain problems encountered during sample preparation. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique has been applied since the end of 2006. It was the consequence of researchers’ attempt to find a way to reduce certain problems encountered during sample preparation. The DLLME is an extraction technique developed within the last decade that involves the dispersion of fine droplets of extraction solvent in an aqueous sample. Partitioning of analytes into the extraction phase is instantaneous due to the very high collective surface area of the droplets. Hence, high enrichment factors and very low solvent consumption were achieved in comparison with conventional extraction techniques (Quigley et al. 2016). This method also aimed to overcome the incompatibility with the twelve principles of green analytical chemistry (Lichtfouse 2005). The advantages of this method have led to its widespread use in preparing the sample and preconcentrations of the organic and inorganic analytes in various matrices. Low solvent consumption, high speed, and simplicity are considered as some advantages of the
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