Shigella sonnei : virulence and antibiotic resistance
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MINI-REVIEW
Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance Ahtesham Ahmad Shad1 · Wajahat Ahmed Shad2 Received: 24 June 2020 / Revised: 27 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the leading one in developed world. The multifactorial processes and novel mechanisms have been identified in S. sonnei, that are collectively playing apart a substantial role in increasing its prevalence, while replacing the S. flexneri and other Gram-negative gut pathogens niche occupancy. Recently, studies suggest that due to improvement in sanitation S. sonnei has reduced cross-immunization from Plesiomonas shigelliodes (having same O-antigen as S. sonnei) and also found to outcompete the two major species of Enterobacteriaceae family (Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli), due to encoding of type VI secretion system (T6SS). This review aimed to highlight S. sonnei as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research with pondering aspects on its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper aimed to review S. sonnei disease pattern and related complications, symptoms, and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the available treatment reigns and antibiotic-resistance patterns of S. sonnei are also discussed, as the ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei has already intensified the global spread and burden of antimicrobial resistance. In last, prevention and controlling strategies are briefed to limit and tackle S. sonnei and possible future areas are also explored that needed more research to unravel the hidden mysteries surrounding S. sonnei. Keywords Shigella sonnei · Shigella flexneri · Escherichia coli · LMICs · Virulence · Antimicrobial resistance
Introduction The Shigella is the Gram-negative rod, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore forming and non-motile bacterial genera belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family and comprise of four major species S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, S. flexneri and S. sonnei (Chatterjee and Raval 2019). Shigella species stand apart from Enterobacteriaceae due to their unique nature, mechanisms of pathogenesis and evolutionary history (The et al. 2016). Kiyoshi Shiga in 1897 from Japan, first isolated the highly virulent strain S. dysenteriae that produce exotoxins (Trofa et al. 1999; Lampel et al. 2018). The other species were discovered later, S. flexneri in 1899, S. sonnei
Communicated by Erko stackebrandt. * Ahtesham Ahmad Shad [email protected] 1
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
by Carl Olaf Sonne in 1906 and Shigella boydii in 1921 (Barceloux 2008). Because of diverse antigenicity based on lipopolysaccharides (LPS), O-antigen components in cell wa
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