Sleep and Anesthesia Neural Correlates in Theory and Experiment
Sleep and anesthesia seem so similar that the task of analyzing the neurological similarities and differences between the two is an obvious research postulate. Both involve the loss of consciousness, or the loss of awareness of external stimuli. Yet when
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Volume 15
Series Editors Alain Destexhe CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette France Romain Brette École Normale Supérieure Paris France
For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/8164
Axel Hutt Editor
Sleep and Anesthesia Neural Correlates in Theory and Experiment
Editor Axel Hutt Equipe Cortex INRIA CR Nancy rue du Jardin Botanique 615 Villers-lès-Nancy CX 54602 France [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4614-0172-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-0173-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0173-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932794 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Cover design: After Ramón y Cajal Organization of Computational Neuroscience: www.cnsorg.org Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword: Computing the Mind
After millennia of philosophical debate, neuroscience now tackles the problem of conscious experience. Cognitive neuroscience investigates the neural correlates of perception, action, and cognition in the conscious state. At the same time, anesthesia and sleep are the exclusive models for the investigation of the reversible transitions between conscious and unconscious states. Anesthesia is particularly useful in that it allows a controlled manipulation of the state of consciousness in a graded manner. While certain system parameters in the brain may change rather abruptly, changes in others are rather graded. The interplay of these processes creates an interesting dynamics that is characteristic to each anesthetic agent. The wide variety of known anesthetic agents with respect to their chemical structure and pharmacological profile allows the fine dissection of their specific molecular, synaptic neuronal effects that mediate the agents’ local and global functional and behavioral effects. While we know a lot about the interaction of anesthetic agents with molecular and receptor targets, their actions at systems level trails in understanding. Since the early 1980s, metabolic and functional brain imaging has contributed significantly to the understanding of regional changes in the brain in both sleep and anesthesia. However the regional targets of drug effects underlying the observed images have been more difficult to identify. The brain is so highly interconnected th
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