Some Problems of Reducing the Pollution of Water Bodies from Diffuse Sources
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ORATION OF THE VOLGA
Some Problems of Reducing the Pollution of Water Bodies from Diffuse Sources V. I. Danilov-Danilyana, E. V. Venitsianova, *, and S. D. Belyaevb aWater
bRussian
Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia Research Institute for Integrated Water Management and Protection, Ekaterinburg, 620049 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received March 1, 2020; revised March 21, 2020; accepted March 25, 2020
Abstract—The role of diffuse pollution of water bodies in the formation of water quality in them is characterized. Some features of diffuse pollution, which are of importance for managing the process of their reduction, are identified. The main lines of the activity for managing the reduction of diffuse pollution are determined and characterized, including basin programming, regional planning, ecological direction of sectoral improvement, governmental stimulation. The problem of incorporation of measures for reducing diffuse pollution in the River Basin Management Plan and the application of Water Quality Objectives for regulating diffuse pollution is considered. Proposals are given for improvement the application of the principle of best available technologies for reducing diffuse pollution. Keywords: diffuse pollution, water quality, basin-scale approach, regional planning, Water Quality Objectives, governmental stimulation of best available technologies, RBMP DOI: 10.1134/S0097807820050048
masses show that the joint effect of point sources on water quality in the basin can be minor even for large industrial centers (Fig. 2). This can be also seen from the fact that the considerable decrease in polluted wastewater discharges in the recent 25 years have not led to appreciable improvement of water quality. For example, according to official data, the discharge volume of polluted wastewaters in the Upper Volga basin has decreased by a factor of almost 3.5; the masses of discharged pollut-
682
Percent of the total number of sites
The analysis of the practice of raw water quality management in Russia shows that diffuse (non point) pollution sources for water bodies can have a considerable and, sometimes, governing effect on water quality in surface and subsurface water bodies. The results of the priority Federal Project “Restoration of the Volga” include “…assessing the pollution of water bodies from natural landscapes of populated territories, agricultural lands, industrial sites of enterprises, enterprise intensive livestock units, waste disposal sites and landfills, and objects of transport infrastructure” [7]. This article gives basic approaches to reducing the pollution of water bodies from diffuse sources studied in the context of the priority project. According to Roshydromet data [6], the water of most water bodies in the hydrosystem of the Volga basin shows the 3rd and 4th quality classes, i.e., polluted and dirty (Fig. 1). The major pollutants according to Roshydromet are compounds of iron, copper, oil products, phenols, organic substances (by BOD and CO
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