Stable sodium metal anode enhanced by advanced electrolytes with SbF 3 additive
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Stable sodium metal anode enhanced by advanced electrolytes with SbF3 additive Wei Fang, Rui Jiang, Hao Zheng, Yi Zheng, Yi Sun, Xin Liang, Hong-Fa Xiang* Yue-Zhan Feng, Yan Yu*
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Received: 14 June 2020 / Revised: 31 July 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 Ó The Nonferrous Metals Society of China and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The practical application of sodium metal batteries (SMBs) is hampered due to the inferior interfacial stability between Na metal and conventional electrolytes. Therefore, a high-concentration electrolyte is proposed to solve this issue. However, high viscosity, low ionic conductivity, and unsatisfactory wettability toward the separator need to be overcome. In this study, a localized highconcentration electrolyte (LHCE) is formulated with 1 wt% SbF3 as an interface-stabilized additive to protect the Na metal anode. This reformulated LHCE retains the special coordination structure in HCE with improved wettability and high ionic conductivity. Moreover, the introduction of the SbF3 additive into the LHCE resulted in a bilayer-structured solid electrolyte interface (SEI) W. Fang, R. Jiang, H. Zheng, Y. Zheng, Y. Sun, X. Liang, H.-F. Xiang* School of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of High Performance Copper Alloy Materials and Processing, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China e-mail: [email protected] Y.-Z. Feng Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China Y. Yu* Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China e-mail: [email protected] Y. Yu Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China
including a Na–Sb alloy inner layer and a NaF-rich outer layer on the Na metal. As expected, the Na||Na cells using LHCE ? 1 wt% SbF3 show a long cycle lifespan of over 1200 h at 0.5 mAcm-2 with negligible polarization, and Na||Na3V2(PO4)3 cells exhibit a high capacity exceeding 97 mAhg-1 at 40C. Keywords Sodium metal battery; Localized highconcentration electrolyte; SbF3 additive; Wettability; Conductivity
1 Introduction Owing to the high natural abundance of Na [1–3] and its similar chemistry to lithium [4–7], rechargeable sodium (Na) batteries have become one of the most promising energy storage technologies used to meet the increasing demands for large-scale grids. Compared with carbonbased anodes with relatively low capacity and high cost, Na metal anode is competitive due to its high specific capacity (1165 mAhg-1) and the low redox potential (- 2.714 V vs. a standard hydrogen electrode) [8–12]. Nevertheless, the application of Na metal still faces some challenges due to its high reactivity with conventional liqu
