Studying radon concentration in drinking water resources in Zarand city (Iran) and its villages
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Studying radon concentration in drinking water resources in Zarand city (Iran) and its villages Zahra Darabi Fard1 · Mojtaba Rahimi2 · Mohammad Malakootian3,4 · Neda Javid1,4 Received: 27 November 2019 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract The concentration of dissolved radon gas was measured using the RAD7 device in drinking water sources in Zarand city and its villages. The mount of radon in drinking water sources was in the range of 5.16–14.4 BqL−1. The effective dose in all cases was less than the recommended maximum dose of 100 μSvY−1 by the WHO. Very poor linear relationship was found between the depth of wells and the radon concentration of the samples. Keywords 222Rn · Effective annual dose · RAD7 · Drinking water
Introduction Three important radioactive isotopes radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn), and actinon (219Rn) are decay products of 238U, 232 Th, and 235U, respectively. Among these isotopes, 222Rn has a major impact on human health due to the half-life of 3.82 days and the abundance of 238U in nature [1]. Inhalation of radon and its decay products share more than 50% of the received effective dose from natural sources [2]. Radon emits naturally from all soils and rocks. In fact, high concentrations of radon are related to the geological structure * Neda Javid [email protected]; [email protected] Zahra Darabi Fard [email protected] Mojtaba Rahimi [email protected] Mohammad Malakootian [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Health, Zarand School of Nursing, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Emam Blvd, 7761713115 Zarand City, Kerman Province, Iran
2
Department of Physics, Vali-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
3
Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
4
Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
[3–5]. Radon gas is highly soluble in water. The produced gas in the underlying rock beds passes through different soil, rocks and groundwater easily. Therefore, soil, crustal rocks, and groundwater are the major sources of radon emissions [6]. Radon gas emits alpha particles during the decay of short half-life elements that are known as radon,s daughters. Daughters of radon (214Po and 218Po) accumulate on dust particles, water vapor, oxygen, indoor air gases, and other solid surfaces electrostatically. These solid particles (aerosols), which are readily inhaled and attached to the epithelium bronchi, produce a high radiation dose [7]. Alpha particles can initiate a series of cellular and molecular events that lead to the development of lung and other cancers [8]. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has determined the maximum contaminants level (MCL) of radon in drinking water sources as 11.1 BqL−1 or 300 pciL−1 [9]. Table 1 shows some international studies conducted on different water types and measured 222Rn concentration levels. According to studies carried out in the adjacent areas of Zaran
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