Suitable algal species and density for the culture of copepod Gladioferens imparipes as a potential live food for fish l
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Suitable algal species and density for the culture of copepod Gladioferens imparipes as a potential live food for fish larvae Wael El-Tohamy 1 & Jianguang Qin 2 & Nagwa Abdel-Aziz 3 & Ahmed El-Ghobashy 1 & Mohamed Dorgham 4 Received: 7 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 October 2020/ # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract
Four algal species (Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros muelleri, Tetraselmis suecica and Nannochloropsis oculata) were tested experimentally as food for the calanoid copepod Gladioferens imparipes, which could be a potential food for marine fish larvae. Each of the algal species was used at four separate concentrations (5 × 104, 1 × 105, 2 × 105 and 4 × 105 cells/ml). The results illustrated that I. galbana and C. muelleri were the most suitable diets for the copepod species, promoting high survival of the adults and shortening the maturation time. With both algal species, intensive successful rearing of nauplii to mature adults was conducted at all concentrations of the algal species, resulting in high number of ovigerous females. Meanwhile, I. galbana was the best diet enhancing the production of egg sac in the cultivated copepod. In addition, the fatty acids in the copepod species were affected by the algal diets, resulting in variable amounts of the HUFA (DHA, EPA and ARA) in the copepod relative to the algal diets. Keywords Algal diet . Copepod culture . Gladioferens imparipes . Fatty acids . Larval fish feeding
Introduction The use of live food organisms, especially at the first feeding, is a requisite for most marine fish larvae (Rasdi and Qin 2016). The importance of copepods as live food for marine fish has
* Mohamed Dorgham [email protected]
1
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
2
College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
3
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
4
Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511, Moharrem Bey, Alexandria, Egypt
Aquaculture International
drawn great attention, particularly in the past three decades (e.g. Lee et al. 2005; Støttrup 2006; Schipp 2006; Qin 2013; Santhanam et al. 2014; Nielsen et al. 2017). The marine copepods have high nutritional values and are economically cultivable species (Santhanam et al. 2014), as they contain valuable protein, lipid (e.g. 20:5 n-3 and 22:6n-3), enzymes essential for the growth and survival of marine fish larvae (Stottrup, 2000; Hernández Molejón and AlvarezLajonchère, 2003; Kleppel et al. 2005). The preferability of copepods as life food is related to their greater digestibility (Schipp et al. 1999) and a relatively high caloric content (Sun and Fleeger 1995). Several reviews have been published on the copepod rearing on life feed for marine fish larvae (e.g. Ajiboye et al. 2011; Santhanam et al., 2014; Rasdi and Qin 2016). The importance of copepods as live feed for different marine fish has been documented by several authors (e.g. Abate et al. 2014; Nielsen et al. 201
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