Surface Energy-mediated Protein and Osteoblast Responses on Nanostructured Stiff Surfaces
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Surface Energy-mediated Protein and Osteoblast Responses on Nanostructured Stiff Surfaces Lei Yang 1, 2, Maswazi Sihlabela 2, Brian W. Sheldon 2 and Thomas J. Webster 2, 3, * 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China 2 School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA 3 Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA * Current address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
ABSTRACT Nanostructured surfaces have demonstrated extraordinary capacity to influence protein adsorption and cellular responses, although the mechanisms behind such capacity are still not clear to date. In the present study, the role of surface energy associated with nanostructured stiff surfaces in modulating fibronectin and consequently osteoblast (OB, bone forming cells) responses was investigated. Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and submicron crystalline diamond (SMCD) films with controllable surface energy were prepared by microwave-enhanced plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) techniques. Fibronectin adsorption on the diamond films with varied surface energy values was measured via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the relationship between the surface energy and fibronectin adsorption was studied. OB aggregates (each containing 30~50 cells) on the NCD with varied surface energy values were also studied. The results indicated that fibronectin adsorption on nanostructured surfaces was closely related to both surface energy and material microstructures, and osteoblast spreading and migration on stiff nanosurfaces are surface energy-driven processes. INTRODUCTION The emergence of nano biomaterials has demonstrated the extraordinary capacity of nanoscale structures in modulating the functions and responses of cells and tissues [1]. In order to understanding the mechanisms behind such capacity, an increasing number of studies attempt to establish the correlations between nanomaterial properties (stiffness, roughness, topography, etc.) and biological responses [2, 3]. Among the attempts to understand these mechanisms, probing protein and cellular responses on the nanomaterial surface is one of the key topics and is pivotal to correlate nanomaterial properties with biocompatible or bioadverse responses of biological systems [1, 4]. However, the effects of some surface properties on protein adsorption and cell behavior have not been well understood to date and inconsistent conclusions associated with mixed results have been reported by different groups [5]. Among nanomaterial surface properties, surface (free) energy is closely related to material chemistry, wettability, and topography (or roughness), all of which have been reported to be critical to protein and cell responses at the nano-bio interface. A few recent studies also indicated that nanomaterial surface energetics may have strong correlations with biological responses [4, 6, 7], but this area has not been thoroughly inves
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