Survey and genetic diversity of wild Brassica oleracea L. germplasm on the Atlantic coast of France

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Survey and genetic diversity of wild Brassica oleracea L. germplasm on the Atlantic coast of France Lorenzo Maggioni

. Roland von Bothmer . Gert Poulsen . Karolina Ha¨rnstro¨m Aloisi

Received: 22 May 2019 / Accepted: 21 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract Wild populations of Brassica oleracea subsp. oleracea growing on European Atlantic coasts deserve attention since their diversity could contribute useful alleles to the Brassica oleracea cole crops (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, etc.). These populations have also been proposed as the source from which cole crops have been domesticated. Other authors have challenged their natural origin and suspected their derivation from vegetable brassicas escaped from fields and gardens. Our study surveyed northwestern French coastal areas and analysed with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers the genetic diversity and structure of nine

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00945-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. L. Maggioni (&) European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR), c/o Bioversity International, Maccarese (Fiumicino), Rome, Italy e-mail: [email protected]

wild populations, as well as of five accessions of locally grown B. oleracea crops. This study offered the highest level of detail ever presented about the distribution of wild B. oleracea populations along the French Atlantic coast. Populations analysed showed a low level of genetic differentiation, which might be explained by a relatively recent origin of all the populations from a common source, more likely than by insufficient physical or distance barriers to intercrossing. Traditional varieties commonly grown in the same area were not fully distinguishable from the wild populations on a molecular level. The level of genetic diversity of the wild populations was similar to, or lower than that of the cultivated crops. Therefore, the absence of a domestication bottleneck invited us to exclude the wild French populations as the likely source of original domestication events. Populations with higher levels of genetic diversity that could be targeted for conservation and breeding were the wild Penly and Petites Dalles and the Saint-Sae¨ns cabbage. Keywords Brassica oleracea  Genetic diversity  Crop wild relatives  AFLPs

R. von Bothmer Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden

Introduction G. Poulsen Danish Seed Savers, Tjele, Denmark K. Ha¨rnstro¨m Aloisi Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, Alnarp, Sweden

Since the 17th century, botanists have described a group of plants growing on the Atlantic cliffs of Great

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Britain as having a close resemblance to the Brassica oleracea L. crops (kales, cabbages, cauliflowers, etc.). In his Historia Plantarum, Ray (1686) called these plants ‘‘wild coleworts’’. In Species Plantarum, Linnaeus assigned the n