Teratogenesis and Embryotoxicity Induced by Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Aquatic Organisms
The continuous elimination of pharmaceutical products to water sources has become a worldwide problem and has been getting considerable attention due to the effects that this compounds have induced in aquatic organisms, specifically non-steroidal anti-inf
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nts 1 Introduction 1.1 Diclofenac 1.2 Ibuprofen 1.3 Naproxen 1.4 Ketoprofen 1.5 Celecoxib 1.6 Paracetamol 1.7 Acetylsalicylic Acid 2 Conclusions References
Abstract The continuous elimination of pharmaceutical products to water sources has become a worldwide problem and has been getting considerable attention due to the effects that this compounds have induced in aquatic organisms, specifically non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), one of the most representative group of medications and the most consumed around the world, highlighting the teratogenic and embryotoxic effects induced by NSAIDs on early life stages of different organisms being this the most vulnerable stages in development; the main representants of NSAID group (diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid) have induced adverse embryonic effects, which can be consider for the development of strategies for an appropriate disposal of pharmaceutical residues, as well as establish maximum permissible limits for its emission to the environment.
I. Pérez-Alvarez, H. Islas-Flores (*), L. M. Gómez-Oliván, and O. D. García Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_545, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
I. Pérez-Alvarez et al.
Keywords Aquatic organisms, Embryotoxicity, NSAIDs, Teratogenesis
1 Introduction The presence of pharmaceutical products in the environment has become one of the main causes of concern worldwide; since the 1970s, interest in the determination of organic substances of these drugs in the environment began [1]; however, it was until the 1990s when analytical methodologies allowed the detection of this kind of products at concentration in the order of μg/L. Pharmaceuticals have been considered as emerging pollutant substances of diverse origin and nature that do not have an established environmental regulation but may be candidates for a future regulation depending on the data of the effects they generate on health and incidence; another important feature is that they do not need to persist in the environment to generate negative effects, because their high rates of transformation can be compensated by their constant introduction in to the environment, and also data regarding their impact on the environment and health risks are scarce [2–4]. The main sources of pharmaceuticals to bodies of water are derived from anthropogenic activities such as effluents from wastewater treatment plants, effluents from hospital, domestic activities (including pharmaceuticals and their metabolic products of phases I and II in feces and urine, waste and inappropriate disposal of expired pharmaceuticals), and effluents from industrial activities as well as livestock activities [5–8]. So that, the increase in the use and consumption has led
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