The Dialect of Immune System in the CNS: The Nervous Tissue as an Immune Compartment for T Cells and Dendritic Cells
There is a growing body of evidence shedding light on the mechanism of immune regulation in the central nervous system (CNS). There are multiple elements that contribute to the special anti-inflammatory environment in this tissue. Unique physiological and
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The Dialect of Immune System in the CNS: The Nervous Tissue as an Immune Compartment for T Cells and Dendritic Cells
Z. Fabry . E. Reinke . A. Zozulya . M. Sandor . I. Bechmann
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
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Physiological and Anatomical Features Contributing to Immune Privilege in the CNS and the Role of the BBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 2.1 Physiological Features Contributing to Immune Privilege in the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 2.1.1 A Lack of Conventional Lymphatic Drainage from the CNS to Peripheral Immune Tissues . . 199 2.2 The BBB in Health and Inflammatory Disease of the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 2.2.1 A. Components of the BBB: The Neurovascular Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 2.2.2 The BBB in Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 3 3.1 3.2 3.3
Soluble Mediators and Cell Surface Molecules that Promote Immune Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Neuropeptides as Soluble Regulators of Immune Privilege in the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Anti‐inflammatory Cytokines Produced by CNS‐Resident Cells: TGF‐b, IL‐10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Cell Surface Molecules Expressed on CNS‐Resident Cells that Regulate Immune Privilege: PD‐1–PD‐L1, FasL–Fas Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
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The Role of APCs in the Brain Tissue that Promote the Initiation of T‐Cell‐Mediated Immunity against CNS Antigens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.1 Naı¨ve and Effector T‐Cell Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.2 CNS‐Resident APCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 4.2.1 APCs in the Perivascular Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 4.2.2 APCs in the Brain Parenchyma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 4.3 DCs Amplify Immune Responses in the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 5
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Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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