The first detection of anti-West Nile virus antibody in domestic ruminants in Egypt
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The first detection of anti-West Nile virus antibody in domestic ruminants in Egypt Abdelfattah Selim 1
&
Abdelhamed Abdelhady 2
Received: 16 January 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne disease, usually present as a symptomatic disease but can cause various clinical signs ranged from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death in various animals and humans. In Egypt, the epidemiological data about WNV infection in different animal species particularly in domestic ruminants are scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of WNV in cattle, buffalo, camel, sheep, and goats at some Governorates northern Egypt. In total, 360 serum samples (100 cattle, 50 buffalo, 50 camels, 85 sheep, and 75 goats) were examined using ELISA. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of WNV among ruminants was highly significant (P = 0.03) at Kafr El Sheikh Governorate (17.6%) in comparison with other the Governorates. Besides, the seroprevalence of WNV antibodies significantly differed between the examined species (P = 0.0001); it was 22%, 0%, 40%, 3.5%, and 5.3% in cattle, buffalo, camel, sheep, and goats, respectively. This is the first study to confirm that domestic ruminants act as a reservoir in the epidemiology of WNV infection and represent a risk for human and equine infections in Egypt. Keywords West Nile virus . Serology . Ruminants . Egypt
Introduction West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen and belongs to the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex within genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae (Davoust et al. 2016; Selim et al. 2020b). WNV is mainly transmitted by Culex spp. of mosquitoes which act as a bridge between humans and birds (Baba et al. 2014). Mosquitoes act as vectors, while birds act as reservoirs within the transmission cycle of the disease, whereas the virus could be replicate in birds and mosquitoes which considered a source of infection to animals and humans (Oluwayelu et al. 2018; Sule et al. 2018). Human and equids are accidental and dead-end hosts. The infection is usually asymptomatic or mild in humans, but it
* Abdelfattah Selim [email protected] 1
Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
2
Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
could be ranged from slight incoordination and muscle weakness to severe ataxia and recumbency in the case of the affected horses (Albayrak and Ozan 2013; Erol et al. 2016). The disease has frequently appeared in humans and horses. Since then, it has been associated with sporadic and major outbreaks in humans and horses (Erol et al. 2016; Selim et al. 2020a). The experimental infections by WNV have been shown that the domestic animals rarely developed antibodies titers or clinical signs. During the last three decades, some studies have been detected antibodies against WNV in some of the domestic animals
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